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HORSEMAN'S GUIDE 



'J^. AND THEIR ^ 

%7 TREATMENT. \£ 



The Most Modern, Complete Practical 
Methods of 

Handling, Educating 

AND SHOEING 

Wild, Vicious Horses, in Conformity with 
Nature, 

AS TAUGHT BY 

PROF. J. HENDERSON, 



ACCORDING TO THE ENLIGHTENED SYSTEM OP THE 
PRESENT DAY. 



W 



THE 

HORSEMEN'S GUIDE 

THE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL STBUCTU2E OF THE EOESE, 



THE DISEASES AND LAMENESS TO WHICH HE IS LIABLE 
IN THE DOMESTICATED CONDITION, 

INCLUDING T1IK 

MOST RECENT, APPROVED, COMPLETE METHODS OP HANDLING, 
EDUCATING, SUBDUING AND SHOEING A WILD VICIOUS HORSE, 

IN CONFORMITY WITH HIS NATURE. 

ACCORDING TO AN ENLIGHTENED SYSTEM OF THE 
PRESENT IMPROVEMENTS OF THE DAY, 

AS IS CONTAINED 

IN THIS BOOK, OF THE HORSE'S FOOT, 
Continued Perfect toy the Use of the Foot-Form Shoe, 

WITH THE ILLUSTRATIONS HEREIN SET FORTH, 

BY PROF. J. HENDERSON. 



ALBION, N. Y.: 

HENRY A. BRUNKR, PEINTEli, ORLEANS AMERICAN OFFICE. 



Entered According to Act of Congress, In the year A. D., 18CS, 

BY PROP. J. HENDERSON 

In the office of the District Court for the Northern District of New York. 






PREFACE, 

Something to Interest every one who owns a Horse 
or uses one. Veterinary Reform ant! Horse Tamer. 



As the value of the Horse is daily becoming more mani- 
fest, it is presumed that an attempt to reduce into system the 
art of obtaining and preserving it in health nnd removing 
diseases, will not be unacceptable. It is certain that at no 
period in the history of the world has the Horse stood so 
high in general estimation, or by the display of his various 
powers, rendered himself an object more worthy our con- 
sideration. 

The Horse's Foot and how to keep it sound, and the 
remarks upon the Horse, Manner*of Keeping, the process of 
Training, Breaking, Educating, Handling and Shoeing wild 
and vicious Horses, in connection with the different diseases 
and the remedies attached, will be fouud in these pages. In 
my opinion, interesting, reliable and of valuable service to 
all Horses, or persons dealing in or handling them. This 
system of Handling, Controling and Subduing wild vicious 
Horses, is conceded by practical horsemen to be the most 
thorough and complete now known, and is the result of 
many original experiments and thorough investigation of 
the different methods of Horsemanship now in use. The 
first domestication of the Horse — the greatest achievement 
of man in the animal kingdom — was not the work of a day, 



but like all other accomplishments, was brought about by a 
gradual progress of observation and experience. 

In laying this work before the public, the author does not 
flatter himself that all improvements are at an end. But it 
is his purpose to give the reader the benefit of a long and 
extensive original practice ; as well as the knowledge of 
others, the success of which can be better appreciajed after 
a free and thorough trial of the remedies prescribed. 

I hold it to be my privilege and undisputed right to enter- 
tain distinct opinions, founded upon thorough experiment. 
Having no master but my own diligence and labor, I owe 
allegiance to none, yet am under obligations to all ; for error 
presents truth more prominent. 

But while writers in general agree on theoretical principles 
and technical terms, much difference exists in the practical 
department of the art, in obtaining the useful value of the 
Horse, leading to any amount of unprofitable discussion, and 
not unfrequently most serious results. Therefore the author 
of this work has endeavored to give the reader a correct 
idea of the nature and treatment of that faithful servant and 
noble animal, the Horse, and have presented such, only 
though somewhat at variance with the popular opinion of 
the present day. Yet for the love of truth, long practi- 
cal experience, induces me to present such as from long ex- 
perience as a Horse man, I could with confidence recommends 
to the public. I have used and tested these improvements 
and remedies, with good success in my practice for year, 
and aided with that success, together with the experience of 
others, and a desire to furnish a work on which the public 
might rely, have induced me to issue this work. It is intended 
to supply the want long felt, something to interest every 
one who owns a horse or uses one, and their name is legion. 
This work is intended to be to all Horse owners in the 
present hour of need, one that will enable them to drive 



improve the value, restore the sick, improve, control, train, 
shoe and subdue wild vicious horses, and still more valuable, 
prevent lameness and diseases, by furnishing conditions 
iavorable for health and value. 

The absolute necessity of a reformed practice, adapted to 
the wants and capacities of all classes, has long been severely 
felt and acknowledged. Therefore, the author and publisher 
of this work is induced to spare neither time nor care in 
experiment in the preparation cf the present edition, with a 
view to render it eminently worthy of general confidence, 
and hopes it may not disappoint the expectations of the 
friends of reform. 

In the following treatise it will be seen that I have con- 
fined myself to the structure and diseases of the foot more 
closely ; the means of cure or prevention, and the more 
readily controling the valuable powers of the Horse. But 
while agreeing with my learned predecessors in regard to the 
nature, deformity and causes of diseases, I claim to have 
found a remedy, based on purely philosophical principles. 
This remedy consists in the proper curvature and adjustment 
of natures foot form shoe, for an improvement in which I 
am secured by Letters Patent, which I now offer to the 
public as the result of a long and critical investigation of 
twenty years shoeing and comparing the apparent changes 
and the apparent mystery of the art upon the perfect and 
imperfect shod and unshod hoofs, as are hereby exhibited by 
the plates, and the apparent changes produced by the com- 
mon custom mat-form shoe, and the improved mode of 
shoeing, in conformity with the foot form shoe. I have made 
many experiments with the foot of the living Horse, I have 
availed myself of the works and diagrams of veterinary 
surgeons, Bracey Clark, in 1809, Colman, Hinds, Youatt, Dr. 
Dodd, Mayhew, and others, as the standard authority of the 
deformity exhibited by many tests from 1850 to 1868 by me, 



and the same corresponding truths still continue to exist, 
which the author of this book propDsesto show the relief by- 
introducing the improved mode of Shoeing, Training and 
Subduing the Horse, by the means set forth in this book. 
The Improved Patent Perfect Foot Form Shoe, made to fit 
nature, not distort, not only relieves but prevents most of 
those difficulties from accruing, hence is more valuable than 
a cure This shoe admits of use upon the hardest roads and 
pavements without producing soreness or tenderness of the 
forward feet. These treatises are intended as eminently 
practical, and adapted rather to the wants of the smiths and 
community at large, than designed as a text book for the 
professional farrier, though it is to be hoped they too may 
find hints worthy of future reference for reform. Therefore, 
I have aimed at saying no more on the subject of anatomy 
than seemed necessary to the elucidation of my subject in 
this department. 

I have had, through life, an admiration for the Horse, 
amounting almost to a passion. For years in early life I oc- 
cupied myself in horse shoeing, studying the anatomy and 
diseases of the Horse's foot, and in experimenting upon the 
best method of keeping it sound. The information thus 
gained by practical experience has been arrived at by others. 
But while such it formation may be gleaned in fragments 
from various works. I know of none in which the proper 
manner of taking care of the foot and shoeing it are plainly 
set forth. It is to supply this want that I write this com- 
munication, and if 1 can furnish facts to any smith to lessen 
his toils or improve his craft, which he did not know before, 
and can thus be the means of promoting the valuable useful- 
ness of that noble animal the Horse to the owner, I shall be 
repaid for my trouble. The diagrams accompanying will, it 
is believed, also be found useful, making clear that which 
would otherwise be unintelligible. 



In conclusion, the author would say, that he has aimed to 
produce just such a work as should recommend itself to the 
public confidence, by its consistency, and by diagrams of 
many experiments of general utility. And if he has added 
any new suggestion, or made any important improvement, 
he looks to the same intelligent public for a patronage com- 
mensurate with his labors. 

PROF. J. HENDERSON. 



CHARTERED ADVERTISEMENT ACCORDING TO LAW. 

The Introduction of Valuable Improvements. How 
to save tlie valuable powers ol your Horse's Feet 
perfect. 



The Inventor or moving part, being desirous to introduce 
his various self secured valuable improvements more readily, 
the Henderson Hand Power Foot-Form American Horse 
Shoe Machine, also contain the copy right in this book of 
the Perfect Horse's Foot, as the proper means of continuing 
the foot perfect by the form of shoe, and tools for shoeing, 
including the valuable information of training, shoeing and 
subduing wild vicious Horses, together with the remedies 
reliable for the diseases and lameness to which the Horse is 
liable. And that the public may receive a mutual benefit 
from these improvements, the patentee or moving party hath 
herewith transfered, sold, set over and delivered the especial 
privileges in book form to the Henderson Co-Equal Operative 
American Stock Association. Capital $100,000. Business 
office at Albion, Orleans County, New York. 

The Directors and Company will transact all business for 
this stock in the following manner: First, the stock holders 
in representation of their grand capital will sell a limited 
Dumber of shares of this secured capital stock, by and 
through their President, Directors, Secretary, Treasurer and 
Company at $10 a share, to produce sufficient necessary 



X ADVERTISEMENT. 

funds to defray the expenses of publishing this book, aud 
manufacturing the Henderson Hand Power Foot-Form 
American Horse Shoe Machine, as may become necessary to 
supply the demands of the public. All sums of $10 de- 
posited into the treasury of this Go-Equal Operative Stock 
Mutual Association will constitute the Depositor a stock 
holder to one share of $100 in this capital stock, entitled 
to all the privileges, in the division of the business, increase 
sales of books, machines, territorial rights of the secured 
stock privileges, according to representation of stock shares, 
and no assessment or tax upon the stock holders. The pat- 
entee or moving party will be entitled to retain the one-half 
of the capital stock sales and privileges, the other half will 
be appropriated to the business transactions of the Company. 
The Patentee will also retain all the unrepresented shares of 
stock in the division of increase from the sales of business 
transactions, and will become personally actively employed 
in vending the improvements of secured privileges in the 
sale of the books, machines, tools and territorial rights upon 
the same terms as the agents are employed. Each stock- 
holder may become an acting agent, i in powered by the 
directors to canvass and sell at territorial rights of the various 
interests in representation throughout the United States of 
America, and retain 50 per cent, for his or their services, by 
paying the other half to the treasurer of this Company. 
This Company desire Agents in your vicinity, and would be pleased 
to avail themeelves of your valuable influence in selling our 
variety of interests. 

The first principle inducement for all the shoeing smiths, 
in connection with other self interested Horse owners in any 
town, ward or district, in the United States of America may 
obtain a limited number of 25 to 75 copies of this Company's 
Book representing the Perfect Horse's Foot, continued per- 
fect by the foundation use of the Foot-Form Shoe, and con* 



XDVKKTISKMKXT. XI 

taining the valuable modern improvements in training, 
educating, shoeing and subduing wild vicious Horses, to- 
gether with the remedies reliable for the diseases and lame- 
ness to which the Horse is liable, which books are to be sold 
at the Company's prices, and privileges in the vicinity of the 
shoeing smith where the machine is to be operated by and 
for those interested in the Horse, for mutual benefit to the 
shoeing smith, book and horse owner. The agents so selling 
may retain fifty per cent, from the sales, for his or their 
services, for selling the Company's Book, or depositing the 
manufactors cost price of the American Hand Power Horse 
Shoe Machine, into the treasury of this company, upon 
which receipt of the deposite into the treasury of this 
Company the said cost of the machine, the shoeing smith 
mny then order and obtain in full satisfaction for such deposit 
so made from the sales of the book? or otherwise deposited 
in the treasury, one of the Henderson Foot-Form Ameri- 
can Hand Power Horse Shoe Machine for the smiths especial 
use, competent to construct, fifty shoes in one hour by the 
force or power of one man ; with the right of territory to 
use the same, upon the express condition here understood, 
that the stock holders that have purchased the book of special 
privileges in the Horse's foot continued perfect by the 
Machine Foot-Form Shoe, may expect to realize in return 
from the shoeing smith owning the Co-Equal Operative 
Working Power Machine to have their horses shod with the 
Henderson Patent Foot-Form Shoe twenty-five per cent. 
less for new shoes than is the common custom price for the 
ordinary shoe. Hoping and confidently expecting by this 
Co-Equal Operative Capital Stock Association of interests to 
retain original or restore the foot form value and usefulness 
of the Horse to the owner by the foundation form of the 
shoe. In return the shoeing smith owning the machine will 
lie aided by the hand power facilities of manufacturing more 



XII ADVEUTISKMEXT. 

rapid, and a more appropriate form of shoes, encouraged by 
the popular patronage of co-equal interests. 

The shoeing smith may expect to compete with success 
over higher prices and less appropriate shoes produced at 
more expense by the old custom form of manufacturing in 
the old way by hand. 



CHAPTER 1. 

The External formation or structure of the Horse, 
and the disorders original therein: 



Section 1. Scarcely any man who is in the habit of seeing 
many horses perform their labor, and observing their capa- 
bilities of several kinds will require, thereby; some insight of 
the proprieties conferred on the animal by such points of 
conformation. He can tell at first sight, nearly from their 
habits, what a Horse can do ; but few men reduce their ob- 
servations to writing, the principles, upon which we may af- 
terwards reason, or draw conclusions, as to what duties a 
Horse cannot perform properly, when wanting those points 
of excellence which duties ought, therefore, never to be re- 
quired of him, or, being so imposed upon him improperly, 
are productive of certain disorders, that invariably attend 
such misapplication of his powers. No doubt it has happen- 
ed that a Horse with a radical defect — in the shape of his 
hind quarters, for example — yet having a corresponding de- 
fect before. The one mal*es up for the other, and such Hor- 
ses may occasionally perform well for a short time, but they 
are no lasters. All the while they may thus be at the full 
stretch of their physical powers, straining to the utmost; the 
the immediate covering of the bones, something or other is 
going to rack, of muscle, or tendon of ligature, or sinew, soon- 



10 THE EXTERNAL FORMATION. 

er or later so much excessive fatigue of the deformity runs 
along the solids, and reaching the vitals, occasions constitu- 
tional disease, or leaves behind it an incurable malady of the 
limbs, mostly descending to the feet. To be able to judge 
of a Horses' defects as to what he cannot do, undoubtedly it 
seems necessary to ascertnin what constitutes a perfect one, 
that a horse can do everything. A Horse that does not 
stand well can do nothing well. And by natural inference, 
the Horse that walks well can perform other powers well. 

The most obvious physical truths are those which can be 
explained upon the principles of mechanism, that intelligence 
which is derived from experience of years, is rendered more 
easily understood when conveyed with mechanical precision. 
However strange it may appear to some, the gift of the 
Horses' speed if not of all progression, depends more upon 
mechanical principles than is commonly understood to be the 
case. 

To be able to judge of a Horses' defects as to what he 
cannot do, it seems necessary to ascertain what constitutes a 
fine figure, or perfect one that can do everything. Then 
must his powers of pressing onward be estimated by the po- 
sitions in which he can place the bones of his limbers, since 
it is to these propulsions of his body forward, is chiefly in- 
debted to the power the Horse has of controlling the mus- 
cles and drawing up quickly the lower part of his limbs in 
time to get it out of the way of his hind legs ; both motions 
forming each a separate effort toward progression. Have in 
view a walking pace, all other paces being no other than a 
modification of the walk; and in fact, a Horse that walks 
well can do everything well ; in some Horses the hind foot, in- 
stead of coming forward, as described, upon the spot of 
ground marked by the fore one, falls short of the mark. 
These never turn out fast ones, although their fault does not 
always consist in the shape or disproportion of the honey, 



THE EXTERNAL FORMATION. 17 

but in the contraction of the muscles or tendon described 
under treating of the feet. 

.At times it is owing to relaxation of the immediate cover- 
ings of the bones that sustain the rapid violent motion. If 
the hind foot comes down sometimes inside, at other outside, 
the foretoot, the animal has a disagreeable rolling in his gait 
from side to side. The fault being as often in the fore leg as 
in the hinder one, and sometimes in both ; such Horses com- 
mence a journey with much apparent confidence, but tiring 
soon fall into their old errors and are found to be deceptive, 
and many accidents are the consequences. This fault, I hes- 
itate whether to asscribe to the fore or the hind one ; but 
it certainly originates in a disagreement between the fix- 
ing of the two upon the body, either as to the situation! or 
want of muscular strength at the place of joining. Such a 
Horse is a stumbler, and when he trots away from us we can 
see nearly as much of the fore leg as his hind leg. In the 
straight built, well set limbed, the fore legs are concealed 
from our sight by the hind ones. I own this is with me a 
grand criterion forjudging as to the Horses' capability of use- 
fulness in going over the ground. In racing, trotting, or any 
progressive motion, the fore legs are then brought closer to- 
gether, the hind legs rather wider. So in leaping as we may 
see in the gray hound, deer, and all other fleet animals, such 
as I have described, is the art of progression with all Horses', 
but in various degrees, according to their size, as with the 
coach-horse, saddle-horse and pony, for such efforts having 
called into action all the bones of the body, including more 
or less that of the head, tail or neck, according to the pace, 
or other circumstances. Hence it must be clear that to per- 
form this duty of propulsion, or getting forward properly, as 
regards rather the length of time he sustains it, or the quick- 
ness of performance, the limbs must be adapted 
to the kind of work the horse has to perform, and to 



18 DISEASES OF XHE IIOBSE. 

each other, whether that be in harness or the turf, the chase 
or on the road. We do not find this adaptation of the limbs 
so much in the amount of covering the bones many have on 
them, as in the size and proportion of those or the suitable 
manner in which they are fastened together, as may be seen 
in the (blood) Horse where tendon supplies the place of mus- 
cle, and most strange the most strength resides in the small- 
est compass, as may be proved by the obstructions of his pace 
which is always observable in the Horse bothered with very 
muscular shoulders. Equally true is it, that after we have 
approved of the propoi-tious of a pair of Horses in respect to 
bones and build, certain powers of motion or lastingness are 
frequently discovered to be possessed by one so much beyond 
his match, that we are compelled to admit those powers do 
besides in something else than in his build, superior health, 
sound wind and courage, give this strength with speed and 
lastingness. The bones being well cased together and strong- 
ly supported by their immediate covering, have full and fair 
play. But wherever they be fundamentally ill-adapted to 
each other in whatever degree this escapes our observation, 
the muscles and tendions parts adapt themselves in some 
measure to the lamentable kind of form, but which no filling 
up, or after accommodation of the parts to each other can 
completely eradicate Though it may be concealed from our 
view, the muscle that is so perverted, l'ises up in the middle 
as if some sprain or other bad caused that appearance. The 
contiguous parts, consequently undergo greater fatigue than 
in the event of finer symetry, would have fallen to their share, 
and the extraordinary friction or working thereof, occasions 
at a day more or less remote, the exhaustion of its powers, 
and the lodgment of acrimoneous matter in the celluber mem- 
brane, which appears in tumors, absesses, &c. This protu- 
berant appearance of the muscle is most visible at the stifle 
and shoulder, just above the elbow. A more minute inquiry, 



DISEASES OE THE HORSE. ID 

however, on these points would lead me away too far from 
my main purpose, at present. I therefore return to notice, in 
the first place, the structure of the leg and feet of such Horses 
as by their untoward position entail on them the chances of 
producing some one or other of those evils that are known 
to afflict certain Horses, incurable to the end of their days. 

Thus some are known to tread on the inner quarter of the 
hoof, others on the outside, without the real cause being ever 
ascertained. Remedies are frequently applied that have not 
the remotest chance of achieving any good, on that very ac- 
count. Some Horses cut in consequence of treading on the 
outer quarter. On the contrary, by injuring the inner 
quarter in treading, others contract a disposition to quitter, 
ring-bone; formal form of the hoof, disease of the frog, the 
sensible sole, and form injuries of the cornet, as the case may 
be. The various domesticated modes of wrong treatment of 
cultivation, naturally the dry stable usages, and high heeled 
deformed shoes, without a support, and protection to the frog, 
The most important portion of the usefulness of the support, 
to the motion upon the foot of a perfect Horse, remains to 
be examined into hereafter. It may not be amiss to observe 
that the right mode and make may be discovered by noticing 
the proportion of those Horses' that by the acknowledged 
just symmetry of their bones, the agreement in size of one 
limb with another, and the faultless manner in which those 
are attached to the body, go tolerably free from any such 
diseases, until old age, accident, or the misapplication and 
mal-form shoe, bring on disease of the feet and limbs. 

At the ends of all bones a yeldir>g substance, in appearance 
like bone itself, prevents friction, and by its elasticity gives a 
spring to the animals steps. The ease of a Horse going, or 
ease of his rider, mainly depends upon this substance, which 
receives the name of cartilage, and is liable in some measure 
to be absorbed or taken up into the system, or in case of dis- 



20 DISEASES OK TIIK HORSE. 

eased joints, to become stiff and bony. We may notice this 
observation in very many young animals, whose bones are all 
substituted by cartilage, until the blood furnishes the means 
of forming a more substantial frame, such as I have been de- 
scribing, and teaches the validity of some remarks Not 
only between, and embracing every joint but at the termina- 
tion of the four legs in their horny feet, is this springy sub- 
stance to be found. The whole being liable to wear out, 
to contract or to harden with age or disease. Besides this 
easing of the joints in cartilage, the ligaments connect or tie 
the bones together. These ligaments are troubled with that 
of great lassitude when the animal is tired, and occasionally 
to sprain. This accident takes place when the Horse steps 
aside upon uneven ground. The ends of the bones press lat- 
erally upon the ligaments. It frequently follows, of course, 
that mis-shaped horses' feet are always constrained to 
an uneven tread, and must be subject to a constant strain, and 
more liable than others to incur permanent accident, by every 
step in an undue animal motion. The ligament demanding 
the readers most serious attention, is that which suspends the 
neck, so placed and passing from the skull to the back bone. 
To both of which it is fastened, it has the power at the will 
of the animal, of bending down or drawing up the head, 
which would, in fact, tall to the ground if not for this sup- 
port. Pollevil, for more detail on this hitherto neglected 
point of conformation, At the joints formed by the bones 
covered by cartilage, the whole are surrounded by a strong 
membrane, which wraps the bones tightly, and secretes an 
oil at the joints for the further defense from the effects of 
friction. Of this secretion, aud of the membranes generally, 
some further notice will be given. The strong membrane is 
not, however, confined to any particular pait, but continues 
its close attachments, or embracement of the bones over the 
entire frame of the horse. Throughout its extended course 



TUB SENSORIAL PUNCTION. 21 

it serves as an excellent hold-fast for the sinew-ends of the 
muscles which are attached to it above, and joints, whereby 
they act as levers to raise the lower bones of the limbs, as de- 
scribed hereafter. 



The Sensorial Function.— The Nervous System. 



An accurate knowledge of what constitutes just structure 
>f the horse, the form and connection of the parts on which 
strength, or fleetness, or stoutness must necessarily depend, 
is claimed by nearly all who have had anything to do with 
this noble animal. But in reality it is possessed by very few. 
The nervous system will now pass in review. It is the mov- 
ing power of the whole machine, it consists of the brain, to 
which all sensation is referred or carried, and from which all 
voluntary motion is derived — the spinal cord, a prolongation 
of the brain thus connected with sensation and voluntary mo- 
tion, governing all the involuntary motions of the frame. — 
And by power from which the heart beats, and the lungs 
heave, and the stomach digests. And on the other import- 
ant auxiliary of the nervous system the ganglionile — presid- 
ing over the functions of secretion and of nutrition. And 
the repair and the welfare of the frame generally, many large 
and powerful. muscles are necessary to turn the head in var- 
ious directions, as well as to assist in raising it when depress- 
ed, on raising any part of the skull of the horse, the dense 
strong membrane which is at once the lining of the cranium 
and the covering of the brain — the duramater — presents its- 



22 THE N-KUVOrS sYSVIiM. 

self. It is united to the membrane before by numerous little 
cords or prolongations of the substance, conveying blood and 
communicating strength to the parts between the membrane 
common to the cranium and the brain. The proper invest- 
ing of that organ; is found that delicate gossomer web ap- 
propriately called the arachnoid, the spiders membrane — aud 
which is seen in other animals, designed either to secrete the 
fluid which is interposed, and for the purpose of obviating 
injurious concussion, which not only covers the external sur- 
face of the pia mater, but the surface of the brain. But pene- 
trates into every depression, lines every ventride, and clothes 
every irregularity and part and poi'tion of the brain. When 
the brain is cut, it is found to be composed of two substances 
very unlike in appearance. One principally on the outside, 
gray, or ash colored, and therefore called the cortical (dark- 
like). From its situation and cineritions, (ashen), from its color, 
and the other laying deeper in the brain, and from its pulpy 
nature called the medullary substance. The medullary por- 
tion is connected with the nervous system. The nerves are 
prologations of it, and are concerned in the discharge of all 
the offices of life. They give motion and energy to the limbs, 
the heart, the lungs, the stomach, and every part connected 
with life. They are the medium through which sensation is 
conveyed, they supply the mind with material to think and 
work upon. The cineritions part has a different appearance, 
and is differently constituted. Some have supposed, and with 
much appearance of truth, that it is the residence of the mind 
— receiving the impressions that are conveyed to the brain by 
the sensative nerves, and directing the operation and action of 
those which give motion to the limbs. From the medullary 
substance, as already stated, proceed certain cords or prolon- 
gations, termed nerves, by which the animal is enabled to re- 
ceive impression from surrounding objects, and to connect 
himself with them ; aud also to possess many pleasurable or 



THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 23 

painful sensations. One of them is spread over the mem- 
brane of the nose and gives the sense of smell. Another ex- 
pands on the back of the eye and the faculty of sight is 
gained. And a third gowes to the internal structure of the 
ear, and the animal is conscious of sound. Other nerves, 
proceeding to different parts, give the faculty of motion, 
while an equally important one bestows the power of feeling. 
One division of nerves springing from a prolongation of the 
brain, and yet within the skull, wanders to different parts of 
tne frame, for important purposes connected with respira- 
tion or breathing. The act of breathing is essential to life, 
and were it to cease the animal would die. These are nerves 
of involuntary motion; so that whether he is awake or asleep, 
conscious of it or not, the long heave and life is supported. 
Lastly, the spinal cord another prolongation of the 
brain, and running through a cavity in the bones of the neck, 
back and loins, and extending to the very tip of the tail. — 
Other nerves are given off at certain intervals. The spinal 
cord is combined of six distinct columns or rods, running 
thorough its whole length — three on either side. The two 
upper columns, the portion of spinal marrow, as represented, 
proceed from those posts of the brain devoted to sensation. 
Numerous distinct fibers spring abruptly from the column, 
and which collect together and passing through a Utile gang- 
lion as enlargement — an enlargement of the nervous cord is 
called a gorglion — become a nerve of sensation, from the low- 
er or under lid. Prolongation of the part devoted to mo- 
tion, proceed other fibers, which also collect gradually to- 
gether, and form a nervous cord giving the power of-motion. 
Beyond the ganglion the two unite and form a perfect spinal 
nerve, possessing the power both of sensation and motion. 
And the fibers of the two columns proceed to their destina- 
tination enveloped in the same sheath, apparently one nerve, 
each covered by its otvn membrane, but all enveloped in a 



24 THE NEUVES. 

common envelope, all these nerves or organs of sensation and 
motion — but there are others whose origin seems to be out- 
side of and below the brain. These are the sympathetic, so 
called from their union and sympathy with all the others iden- 
tified with life itself. They proceed from a small ganglion or 
enlargement in the upper part of the neck, and form a col- 
lection of little ganglion in the abdomen. They go to the 
heart, and it beats to the stomach, and it digests. They form 
a net-work round each blood vessel, and the current flows. — 
They surround the very minutest vessels, and the frame id 
nourished and built up. The reader, we trust, will now com- 
prehend this wonderful, yet simple machinery, and be able by 
and by, to refer to it. 



The Nerve*. 



These run in pairs, mostly to all parts of the body. They 
are the organs of sense, communicating immediately with the 
brain, and are thus principally concerned in the functions of 
voluntary motion They give motion and energy to the 
limbs, by the heart, the lungs, the stomach, and every part 
connected with life, thus connected with sensation and vol- 
untary motion. Presiding over the functions of action and 
of nutrition, and the repair and the welfare of the frame gen- 
erally. They are the medium through which sensation is 
conveyed, governing all the involuntary motions of the body 
and limbs. They supply the mind with material to think and 
work upon. That a horse entertains likes and dislikes is cer- 
tain. He has a memory, too, both for persons and places, as 
every one knows. He must therefore have perception, and 



THE SERVES. 25 

he is kind and docile in his nature, which entitles him to a 
kinder return from his master than he usually receives. As 
the nerves of a horse are the seat of no distinct disease, I 
shall content myself with adding that they consist of small 
cords, white and roundish, like thread, and are certainly the 
vehicles of pain, which vibrate from one to the other, pleas- 
urable sensation being conveyed by the same means to the 
sensorium, or brain. 



Cartilage. 



Not only between bones and embracing every joint, but at 
the termination of the fore legs in the horny feet, is this 
springy substance to be found. The whole being liable to 
wear out, to contract or to harden with age or disease. Be- 
sides this casing of the joints in cartilage, the ligaments con- 
nect or tie the bones together. These ligaments are seldom 
troubled with ailment, but that of great lassitude, when the 
animal is tired, and occasionally to sprain. This takes place 
when the horse steps aside upon uneven ground, and the 
ends of the bones press laterally upon the ligaments. It fol- 
lows, of course, that mis-shapen horses' feet whose feet are 
always constrained to take an uneven tread, must be subject 
to a constant strain, and must be more liable than others to 
incur permanent accident. The inconsistent custom of fore 
ing the horse fast upon hard uneven streets, with his heel- 
calks extending outside of the heels of the wall at the quar- 
ter of the foot upon a foundation concave, when the force of 
the motion comes upon the shoe, at an angle of 45 degrees, 



26 . CARTILAGE. 

it will and does produce uneven tread The leveradge eccen- 
tric force forward from the heels of the shoe outside of the 
wall at the quarters and fore from the centre of support of 
central motion, must crowd the wall to the centre, subject it 
to a constant strain, and more liable to incur permanent acci- 
dent, every uneven step forming a trivial one. At the points 
formed by the bones and covered cartilage, the whole are 
surrounded by a strong membrane, which wrap the bones 
tightly, and secrets an oil at the joint for its further defence 
from the effects of friction. Of this secretion, and of the 
membranes generally, some further notice is given. 



CHAPTER II. 

liic Chest. Its Contents. Its vital important connex 
ion with the Valuable Power ©f Motion. 



The chest, in the horizontal position in which it is placed 
is oi a somewhat oval figure, with its extremities truncated 
(cutoff.) The spine is its roof; the sternum, or breast, its 
floor; the ribs, its sides; the trachea, oesophagus, and great 
blood vessels passing through its anterior extremity and the 
diaphragm, being its posterior. It is contracted in front, 
broad and deep towards the central boundary, and again con- 
tracted posteriorly. It encloses the heart and the lungs, the 
origin of the arterial and the termination of the venous 
trunks and the collected vessels of the absorbents. The 
windpipe penetrates into it, and the oesophagus traverses its 
whole extent. 

Most ingeniously and admirably is this whole structure 
contrived to fill its various purposes. 

The ribs are eighteen in number on either side. Nine of 
them are perfect, and commonly called the true, or more prop- 
ly, sternal ribs, extending from the spine to the sternum. 
The remaining nine are posterior and shorter, and are only 
indirectly connected with the sternum. 

The ribs arc united to the corresponding vertebras, or bones 
of the spine, so as to form perfect joints — or, rather, each rib 



28 THE CHEST. 

forms two joints. Before the ribs reach the sternum, they 
terminate in a cartilaginous prolongation. The cartilage is 
united to the ribs and sternum by joints, and the cartilage's 
of the posterior ribs are united to them in the same manner. 

The sternum, or breast bone, is a long, flat, spongy bone, 
forming the floor of the chest. It supports the ribs by the 
connecting cartilage. 

The front of the chest is a very important consideration in 
the structure of the horse It should be prominent and broad, 
and full, and the sides of it well occupied. When the breast 
is narrow, the chest has generally the same appearance ; the 
animal is flat sided, the proper cavity of the chest is dimin- 
ished, and the stamina of the horse are materially diminished, 
although, perhaps, his speed for short distances may not be 
affected. When the chest is narrow, and the forelegs are 
too close together, in addition to the want of bottom, they 
will interfere with each other, and there will be wounds on 
the fetlocks, and bruises below the knee 

A chest too broad is not desirable, but a fleshy and a prom- 
inent one ; yet even this, perhaps, may require some explana- 
tion. When the fore-legs appear to recede, and to shelter 
themselves under the body, there is a faulty position of the 
fore limbs, a bent, or standing over, an unnatural lengthiness 
about the fore parts of the breast, sadly disadvantageous in 
progression. 



The Intercostal Muscles. 



The spaces between the ribs are occupied by muscles firmly 
attached to their edges, the fibres of which cross each other 
in the form of a letter X. By the prolongation thus ob- 



FOBM of the chest. 29 

tained, they have a much greater latitude of action, than 
they would have if they run straight from rib to rib. 

The ribs protect the important viscera of the thorax from 
injury, and are powerful agents in extending and contract- 
ing the chest in the alternate inspiration an expiration of air. 



The Proper Form of f lie Chest. 



This leads to a very important consideration. The advan- 
tageous form of the chest for the proper discharge of the 
natural or extraordinary functions of the thoracic viscera, 
(the contents of the chest,) the lungs and the heart ; the first 
to render the blood nutrient and stimulating, to give or 
restore it that vitality which will enable it to support every 
part of the frame in the discharge of its function, in devoid 
of which the complicated and beautiful machine is inert and 
dead. And secondly to convey this purified arterialized 
blood to every part of the frame. 

In order to produce, and to convey to the parts a sufficient 
quantity of blood, these organs must be large. If it amounts 
not to hypertrophy,the larger the heart, and the larger the 
lungs, the more rapid the process of nutrition, and the more 
perfect the discharge of every animal function. That form 
of chest which approaches nearest to a circle, while it ad- 
mits of sufficient expansion and contraction is the test, 
certainly for some, and all under peculiar circumstances, with 
reference to the discharge of certain functions. This was the 
grand principle on which Mr Bakewell proceeded, and on 
which all our improvements in breeding cattle were founded. 
In the heavy draft horse, the circular chest is no disadvantage, 



80 pomroi'TiiE CHEST. 

it gives him what we require, weight to oppose the weight 
of his load. Speed is not demanded of him. Some of our 
saddle and cab horses have barrels round enough, we value 
them on account of it, for they are always in condition, and 
they rarely tire. But when wo look at them more carefully, 
there is just that departure from the circular form of which 
mention has been made, the happy medium between the 
circle and the elipse, which retains the capacity of the one 
and the expansibility of the other. Such a horse is invaluable 
for common purposes, but he is seldom a horse of speed, if 
he is permitted to go his own pace, and that not a slow one, 
he will work to the end of life. But if he is too much 
hurried, he is soon distressed. The broad deep chest then 
for the usual purposes of the road, and more particularly for 
rapid progression. Search is made for that form of the chest 
that shall unite to as great a degree as possible, considerable 
capacity in arrangement, and the power of increasing that 
capacity when the animal requires it. There must be the 
broad chest for the production of muscles and sinews, and 
the deep chest to give the capacity or powers of furnishing 
arterial blood, equal to the most rapid exhaustion of vitality. 
It is to the mixture of the Arabian blood that we principally 
owe this peculiar advantage of the horse. The Arab is light, 
some would say too much so before, but immediately behind 
the Arm, the barrel almost invariably swells out, and leaves 
plenty of room, where it is most wanted for the play of the 
lungs, and at the same time where the weight does not press 
so exclusively on the fore legs, and expose the feet to coner- 
siou and injury. Many horses with narrow chests and a 
great deal of daylight under them, have plenty of spirit and 
willingness for work. They show themselves off and 
gratify the vanity of their riders on the park or parade. But 
hey have not the appetite nor the endurance that will carry 
them through three successive days hard work. Five out of 



S*eiNE AND HACK. 31 

six of the animals that perish from inflamed lungs, are nar- 
row chested. There are many other important points, but 
that which is most of all connected with the general health 
of the animal, with tne combined fleetness or bottom, is a 
deep and broad chest, with sufficient lengthening of the ster- 
num or breast-bone beneath. 



Th? Spine and Back. 



The spine or back consists of a chain of bones from the 
poll to the extremity of the tail. It is made of twenty-three 
bones from the neck to the haunches. Eighteen are called 
dorsal vertebise, composing the back, and five lumbar ver- 
tebrae, occupying the loins. The structure and attachments 
of these are remarkably well calculated for easiness of car- 
riage and strength. 



The Diaphragm— Its Internal Anion and External 
Action. 



The interposed curtain extending across the cavity of the 
chest between the thorax and abdomon, is called the dia- 
phragm, (midriff). It is an irregular muscular expansion, 
proceeding from the inferior surface of the lumbar vertebrae 
posteriorly, and superiorly adhering to the ribs on either side, 



32 THE DIAPHRAGM. 

and extending obliquely forward and downward to the stern- 
um, or rather its a flatened muscle arising from all these points 
with its fibers all converging towards the centre, and termina- 
ting, therein an expansion of tendinous substance. It is lined 
anteriorly by the pleura or investing membrane of the thoacic 
cavity, and posteriorly by the peritoneum or investing mem- 
brane of the abdomonal cavity. The diaphragm is the main 
agent, both in ordinary and extraordinary resperation. It 
afsists also in the expulsion of the urine, and it is a most pow- 
erful auxiliary in the act of parturition. It is subject to in 
jury and disease of a serious and varied character. Whatever 
may be the original seat of thoracic or abdominal ailment, 
the diaphragm soon becomes inflamed. This accounts for the 
breathing of the horse being so much affected under every 
inflamation or excitement of the chest or belly. The irrita- 
bility of this muscle is often evinced by a singular spasmodic 
action of a portion or the whole of it. 



Rupture of tlie Diaphgram. 

Rupture of the diaphragm may sometimes occur partic- 
larly wh en the stomach is distended with food or gas. In 
rupture of diaphragm, the horse usually sits on his haunches, 
like a dog; this is far from being an infallible symptom of the 
disease. It accompanies introception as well as rupture of 
the diaphragm. Mr. Youatt, gives no remedy, and probably 
the case admits of none. 

The Pleura. 

The walls of the chest are lined, and the lungs are 
covered by a smooth glistening membrane. The Pleura 



THE PLEURA. 33 

is a serius membrane, so called from the nature of 
its exhalation in distinction from the mucons secretion 
yielding by the membrane of the air passages. The 
serins membrane geuerally invests the most important 
organs, and always those that are essentially con- 
nected with life. While the mucous membrane lines the in- 
terior of the greater part of them. The Pleura is the invest- 
ing membrane of the lungs, and a muceous membrane of the 
lining of the bronchea tubes. Among the circumstances 
principally to be noticed, with regard to the Pleura, its exter- 
nal surface, the glistening appearance of the lungs, and of 
the inside of the chest, are to be attributed to the membrane 
by which they are covered, and by means of which the mo- 
tion of the various organs is freer and less dangerous. Al- 
though the lungs, and the boney walls which contain them 
are in constant approximation with each other, both in expi- 
ration and inspiration. Yet in the frequently hurried and 
violent motion of the animal in fact in every act of expiration 
and inspiration, of dilation, and contraction, much injurious 
friction would ensue if the surfaces did not glide freely over 
each other by means of the peculiar polish of this membrane. 
Every serious membrane has innumerable exhaleut vessels 
upon its surface, from which a considerable quantity of fluid 
is poured out. In life and during health it exists in the chest 
only just sufficient to lubricate the surface. The Pleu- 
ra possesses very little sensibility in health. But it is 
otherwise when it is the seat of disease. In pleurisy, preu- 
nioria, &c„ it becomes susceptible of intense pain. 

The Pleura adheres intimately to the ribs and to the sub- 
stance of the lungs spread to other parts. Those of the ser- 
ius membranes are generally isolated- 



The Liuigs. 



The lungs form two distinct bodies. The right somewhat 
larger than the left, and are divided from each other by the 
duplicature of the pleura, which has been already descrbied. 
The mediastinum. Each lung has the same structure and 
properties, and uses each of them is subdivided, the right 
lobe consisting of three lobes, and the left of two. The in- 
tention of these divisions is probably to adapt the substanee 
of the lungs, so the form of the cavity in which they are 
placed, and to enable them more perfectly to occupy and fill 
the chest. If one of these lobes is cut into, it is found to 
consist of innumerable irregularly formed compartments, to 
which anatomists have given the name of lobes, or little lobes. 
They are distinct from each other, and on close examination, 
they can be subdivided almost without end. There is no com- 
munication between them, or if perchance such communica- 
tion exists, it constitutes the disease known by the name of 
broken wind. On the delicate membrane of which these are 
composed, innumerable minute bloodvessels ramify. They pro- 
ceed from the heart. Through the medium of the pulmonary 
artery they follow all the sub-divisions of the bronchial tubes 
they ramify upon the membrane of these multitudinous lobes 
and at length return to the heart through the medium of 
the pulmenary viens. The character of the blood which they 
contain, being essentially changed. The mechanism of this 
and the effects produced must be briefly considered. 



Contenting the inioniiit Structure. Its conformation, 
TBie Functions, TBie orgatis of Life, and the Diseases 
to wBiicBs eacBi is liabBc, with outlines of tlse reme- 
dy. By a Line of Practice, at variance in soine ma- 
terial points* with the Present mode of Treating 
the Animal, in MealtSa as well as in Disease. 



Before I proceed to describe those several parts of the horse, 
inside, it appears to me an absolute necessity ior previsously 
making the reader better acquainted with a few general 
topics, that, we may proceed with the details smoothly and 
more intelligibly together, viz : The names, uses or offices 
and powers of that inferiority of the small organs which lie 
spread over most parts of the body and limbs, belong in 
common to several of those parts in nearly equal degrees, 
the large organs having the power of carrying on the animal 
system. First, as regards digestion ; second, those employed 
in the circulation of the blood ; and third, those of respira- 
tion, are to well known too the sight to require explanation 
hero, yet the heart, kidneys, and lungs are composed or made 
up entirely of the minor organs I mean first to describe. 
But the precise way in which these act in and upon the 
larger ones, the share they hold in furthering the system of 
animal life, and the eminent rank their services maintain in 
restoring health when the system is anyway disordered, has 
not received, in the practice of horse men, that share of 
serious consideration the importance of the subject demands. 
To these points then, I shall shortly call the readers un- 
divided attention, as some cramp words and phrases as 



86 THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE. 

applied by most writers and others to those offices of the 
animal organs, they stand in need of previous explanation ; 
each kind of organ, whether small or large, was designed by 
the great Maker of all thing, to perform some office towards 
the preservation of the animal in health. When such office 
is performed properly, as ordained, the organ is said to per- 
form its functions well. For example, the heart is given for 
the purpose of sending the Wood through the arteries, all 
over the body and limbs to the extremities. But when the 
the pulse beats low or irregularly, that organ is said to per- 
form his functions badly. When it ceases to beat, this function 
is lost or gone. So, certain of the organs are said to secrete 
something or other that is liquid. The doing this is their 
function; the power of do'ng so that of secretion, and the 
article secreted or collected together, is called the secretion 
of this or that organ. Thus the kidneys secrete urine, and 
it runs off. 

The glands under the jaws secrete spit, (saliva), which 
passes off with the food by the intestins. Therefore are they 
properly considered are excretory; also seeing both secretions 
are drawn together for the express purpose of being so sent 
away. This last by the grand canal, (the gut) as the first 
memtioned is by the Bladder, and the perspiration is through 
the porses of the skin. But some secretions arc found that 
have no outlet visible to us weak mortals, though they find 
their way through the skin sensibly enough at times. And 
this then becomes the sensible prespiratioo, and in health one 
of the two is always in action, in disease not so. When, 
however, it happens such functions are destructed, or on the 
other hand, too much of either secretion is furnished to the 
system, then disease begins. As does also, our duty of find- 
ing what part of the vast machine has ceased to perform its 
office properly. For without this previous information, no 
man can possibly know how to apply the remedy in restor- 



THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE. 37 

ing the disordered organ to the proper exercise of its func- 
tion. Nor can any one hope to arrive at this desirable point 
of veterinary knowledge, unless he has acquired the means 
of ascertaining where, when and in what degree the mischief 
has taken place, by patiently examining the action of those 
organs while in health, and comparing their appearance after 
death, with the particular symptoms which precede that 
event. 

Secretion, although, as I say, the secretions just spoken of 
are important in themselves, and the several sorts, as bile or 
gall by the liver, urine, by the kidneys &c, yet the chief 
object of our present notice is the secretion of a fluid, more 
or less watery, which prevades the whole system. It differs 
in quality, little anywhere, being adapted to the nature of the 
parts requiring its aid. First in softening and enabling the 
parts to move freely over each other, as between the ends of 
bones). 2d, acting as a defence against injuries from extran- 
eous bodies, (as on the inner coat of the intestines). And 
3d to prevent the parts from growing together, (as the liver 
to 'the midriff &e.,) misfortunes, these which invaria- 
bly happens when the supply of this fluid falls short of the 
quantity required for a long while together. And this is the 
case when ever the animal is worked or deranged until the 
fluid at some part or other is exhausted, a circumstance 
that strongly bespeaks the propriety of allowing the worn- 
up, poor creature more frequent supplies of water, altho' 
this be done in small quantities. Inflamation or fever, 
which is occasioned by suddenly checking the secretion, even- 
tually exhausts this moisture by its great heat. Both these 
disorders are therefore referred in the sequel, to the 
same origin. The first being local, or pertaining to 
some particular organ or part, while the fever pervades 
the whole system, and the solids in particular. The total ab- 
sence of perspirable matter marks both diseases. On the 



6b THE OKGANS OF LIKE 

other hand, when too much of this fluid is secreted, and re- 
mains unabsorbed, disease ensues upon the heart. It forms 
dropsy of the covering of the heart. ■ On the covering of 
the lungs it becomes dropsy of the chest. In the membrane 
of the belly, it forms dropsy of that part, and usually falls 
into scrotum. The powers of medicine have hitherto prov- 
ed of no avail in the first description of ailments, and are 
but partially applicable to the last mentioned. The opera- 
tion of tapping too frequently disappoints our hopes, to in- 
duce us to rely upon it as any other than a temporary relief. 
It is, therefore, seldom or never applied to the horse. 

Thus in whichever way we view this important secretion, 
its eminence must strike us as quite equal to any other 
whenever obstruction in this part of the system takes place in 
the horse. The consequent adhession of the parts being in- 
visible, he gets worse used by his exorbitant master for his 
inability to perform his usual work, and he soon falls a vic- 
tim to the lash, the spur, and the bit. At the joints this tin- 
id is considered to be an oil or Synovia. At the heart it is 
confessedly nothing but water, while it partakes of a mucous 
or slimy nature at some other part of the body. This is the 
case with the membrane, of the throat and gullet; and those of 
the nostrils. The heat of the horses' breath converts it into a 
vissid mucus, when the secreted watery particles come off by 
sweating. It assuming a white or milky appearance after a 
little time appearing thicker and more slimy as the sweating 
continues, &c The watery particles becoming less and less, 
its fluidity is also lessened. In all animals the secretion of 
this watery fluid is carried on by the membranes, which are 
thin films placed between the various organs over the bones 
and among the fleshy parts. These not only secrete but sus- 
tain the fluid in its place, that is so secreted and held to its 
purpose, each partades more or less of water, is more or 
less slimy, or consists more or less of an oily nature accord- 



THE OR«ANS OK I.IKE. d!) 

ing to the use it may be designed for. Each kind of mem- 
brane and its proper secretion has received a learned name, 
the tirst being called serous, the second mucous, the third 
fibrous. But having resolved to abandon learned words, 
whenever the thing can be understood as well without them, 
I find less occasion for introducing them here than is gener- 
ally practiced. For the peculiar nature of the horse having 
assimated together, by "its action, the three kinds of secre- 
tion more so than is the case with other animals, and its 
habits contributing as much more to the hasty calling off of 
one kind of fluid from certain parts to the assistance of an- 
other part, which may have been exhausted of its kind, as 
the treatment of the horse in all cases of a disordered secre- 
tion of the fluid is the same throughout. The action of med- 
icine upon one always affording the assistance to another, as 
1 shall prove shortly, there is no such necessity for carry- 
ing the distinction farther in horse medicine, although it may 
be so in the human practice. Perspiration is always at a 
great heighth in the horse. It is one of the chief means of 
cure in most of his disorders, and it consists in drawing the 
watery secretions from all parts of the body. These pass to 
the surface, readily coming through the membranes from the 
joints, the solids, the bowels, and their coverings, as may 
be noticed in the case of hide-bound, upon opening the ani- 
mals that die in this state of nature. The messentary canal, 
(hereafter described), is invariably discovered with yellowness, 
being at times almost orange color. But I have as constant- 
ly found the lacetals of a fine coated horse, shine through as 
white as milk. Again. On over working the horse so much 
of the joint-oil is sometimes drawn off by perspiration, that 
he becomes stiff in the knees, for want of that softening qual- 
ity which keeps the parts supple. We feel the same ourselves 
at GO years, upon such occasions. And in taking off the 
knee or the haugh of a permanently, stiff-jointed horse, we 



40 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 

invariably have found the joint-oil affected. In very bad ca- 
ses it no longer exists. During life the escape of this oil by 
reason of wounds, (as bad broken knees,) leave the joint stiff". 
Further comment on its uses is unnecessary. But those facts 
should teach his owners a practical lesson of moderation. On 
the subject of absorption. Of these secretions, I noticed 
many years ago, a very ingenious reason assigned for lame- 
ness of the fore legs of an English horse, in the great work 
of the elder Lafosse, on what he calls hippo-pathology, or 
the diseases of horses, he says : " The fluids which did lu- 
bricate the parts, (the shoulders,) and keep them supple — 
Being reduced in quantity, the food plying off* by sweat. — 
The remainder gets thicker in consequence, and the solids of 
his limbs become stiff* and dry. It happens mostly in the 
fore limbs, and he calls it a cold or chill. And says, at page 
267, it resembles a " stroke of the shoulder, " cheval froid et 
pris daws spanles. A species of founder, that is clearly not 
to be cured by external applications, as by the oils of firing, 
&c, but by restoring to the parts the functions of secretion, 
a sufficient supply of the fluid which had been so exhausted. 
In these few words are included the whole secret of my 
method of cure in such attacks as in this case, gently sweat- 
ing is that remedy which is best calculated for restoring the 
functions, conditions favorable will produce favorable results. 
We come now to speak of glands, nerves and membranes, 
(Being first sympathetic,) and muscles which are the names, 
writers and practitioners of eminence have agreed to speak 
of those minor organs that are employed throughout in carry 
ingon the functions of animal life, their uses where of, I come 
shortly to explain. The reader is already aware of sinews, 
of three kinds that more immediately cover the bones and 
keep them in their places, to which, if we add the mention 
of the muscular or fleshy parts, and refer to the circulation of 
the blood for a description of the veins and arteries, he 



THE HEAKT. 41 

will have before him the names of all the integuments of a 
horses' body beneath the skin. 

Detailed particulars respecting all these follow next in their 
order. The larger organs of the inside being reserved to 
the subsequent section of this chapter. 



The Heart. 



The heart is placed between a doubling of the pleura, 
termed the modiastineum, by means of which it is supported 
in its natural situation, and all dangerous friction between 
these important organs is avoided- It is also surrounded by 
a membrane or bag of its own, called the pericardium, whose 
office is of a similar nature. By means of the heart the 
blood is circulated through the entire frame. It is composed 
of four cavities, called auricles, from their supposed re- 
semblance to the ear of a dog, and two below termed ven- 
tricles, occupying the substance of the heart. In point of 
fact, there are two hearts, the one on the left side impelling 
the blood through the frame, the other on the right side 
conveying it through the pulmonary system, but united in 
the manner in which they are, their junction contributes to 
their mutual strength, and both circulations are carried on at 
the same time. The first is the arterial circulation. No 
function can be discharged, life cannot exist, without the 
presence of arterial blood. The left ventricle that contains 
it contracts and by the powers of that contraction, aided by 
other means, which the limits of our work will not permit 
us to describe, the blood is driven through the whole arterial 



42 THE HEART. 

circulation, the capillary vessels and the veins, and returns 
again to the heart, but to the right ventricle. It has gradual- 
ly lost its vital power as it has passed along, it has changed 
from red to black, and from a vital to a poisonous fluid, ere 
it can again convey the principle of nutrition, or give to 
each orgau that impulse or stimulus which enables it to dis 
charge its function; it must be materially changed. 

When the right ventricle contracts, and the blood is driven 
into the lungs, it passes over the gossamer membrane of 
which the lobules of the lungs have been described as con- 
sisting of the lobules being filled with the air which has de- 
scended through the bronchial tubes in the act of inspiration. 
This delicate membrane permits some of the principles of 
the air t) permeate it. The oxygen of the atmosphere 
attracts and combines with a portion of the super-abundant 
carbon of the blood, and the expired air is poisoned with 
earbcnic acid gas. Some of the constituents of the blood 
attract a portion of the oxygen of the air, and obtain their 
distinguishing character and properties as arterial blood, and 
being thus revivified, it passes on[over the membrane of the 
lobes, unites into small and then larger vessels, and at length 
pours its full stream of arterial blood into the left auricle, 
thence to ascend into the ventrical to be diffused over the 
frame. 



Diseases of the ISeai s. 



The best place to examine the beating of the heart is 
immediately behind the elbow, on the left side. The hand 
applied flat against the ribs will give the numbers of pulsa- 
tions, the ear thus applied will enable the practioner better 



DISEASES OK THE IIEAKT. 43 

to f?seei*tain the character of the pulsations, pericarditis. The 
bag or outer investing membrane of the heart case is liable 
to inflnmation in which the effused fluid becomes organized 
and deposited in layers, increasing the thickness of the 
pericardium, and the difficulty of the expansion and con- 
traction of the heart. The only symptoms on which depend- 
ence can be placed, are a quickened and irregular respiration, 
a bounding action of the heart in an early stage of the 
disease, but as the fluid increases and becomes concerte, 
assuming a feeble and fluttering character. Hydropos pericardi 
is the term used to designate the presence of the fluid 
secreted in consequence of this inflamation, and varying from 
a pint to a gallon or more. In addition to the symptoms 
already described, there is an expression of alarm and 
anxiety in the countenance of the animal which is not in 
other maladies produced. The horse generally sinks from 
other diseases, or from constitutional irritation, before the 
cavity of the pericardium is tilled, or if he lingers on, most 
dreadful palpitations and throbbirgs accompany the advanced 
stage of the disease. It is seldom or never that this disease 
exists alone, but is combined with dropsy of the chest or is 
productive of abdomen difficulty. 



Iiiflaieiation of the Ussauaj of the Heart. 



Mr. Simpson relates in the Veterinarian for 1834, a case 
in which there were symptoms of a severe abdominal pain ; 
the respiration was much disturbed, and the action of the 
heart took on an extraordinary character. Three or four 



44 INFLAMMATION OP EHE HEART. 

beats succeeded to each other so violently as to shake the 
whole frame, and to be visible at the distance of several 
yards, with intervals of quietude for five minutes or more. 
At length these violent breathings became constant. On 
dissection both lungs were found to be inflamed, the serum 
in the pericardium increased in quantity, and the internal 
membrane of the heart violently inflamed, with spots of 
echymosis, livid snots occasioned by extravasated blood. 

This would seem to be a case of inflamation of the heart, 
but in considerable proportion of the cases of rabies. Those 
spots of echymosis and the general inflamation of the heart 
are seen, Hypertrophy, is an augmentation or thickening of 
the substance of the heart, and although not dreamed of a 
few years ago, seems now to be a disease of no rare occur- 
rence among horses The heart has been known to acquire 
double its natural volume, or the auricle and ventricle on one 
side have been thus enlarged. Dilatation is increased capacity 
of the cavites of the heart, and the parietes being generally 
tinned, it is probable, and from the circulating power being 
lessened or almost suspended, on account of the inability of 
the cavites to propel their contents, it is accompanied by 
much and rapid emaciation, ossofication of the heart, air in 
the heart, and aneurism of the aorto sometimes occur. 



The Arteries. 



The vessels which carry the blood from the heart are 
called arteries. The yielding of the artery to the gush of 
blood as forced into it by the contraction of the heart, con- 
stitute the pulse. The pulse is a very useful assistant to the 



ARTERIES. 45 

practitioner of human medicine, and much more so to the 
veterinary whose patients cannot describe either the seat or 
degree of ailment or pain, the number of pulsations in any 
artery will give the number of beatings of the heart, and so 
express the irritation of the organ, and of the frame generally. 
In a farmers horse in health the heart beats about 36 times in a 
minute, in the smaller or thoroughbred 42 is the pulse of 
health. The most convenient place to feel the pulse is at 
the lower jaw. When the pulse reaches 50 or 55 some 
degree of fever may be apprehened, and proper precaution 
should be taken, 75 will indicate a dangerous state. A weak 
pulse, when the arterial stream flows slowly, is caused by the 
feeble action of the heart, it is the reverse of fever, and 
expressive of debility. The appressed pulse is when the 
arteries seem to be fully distended with blood. There is 
obstruction somewhere, and the [action of the heart can 
hardly force the stream along or communicate pulsation to 
the current. It is the case in sudden inflamation of the 
lungs. They are overloaded and gorged with blood, which 
cannot find its way through their minute vessels. Local 
inflamation is characterized by redness, swelling, heat and 
pain. luflamation consists of an increased flow of blood to 
and through the parts. 



Fever in Horses. 



Fever should not always be treated as disease ; for, in a 
great majority of cases it is only symptomatic of some local 
or general derangement. Fever is the same in its essential 
character under all circumstances and forms which it exhibits. 
The different " grades," as they are termed, are but varieties 



46 FEVER IN HORSES 

of the same condition, produced by variations in the prevail- 
ing cause, or regulated by the amount of vital power in each 
given case, are therefore an index pointing to the progress of 
the disease, operating to ward off the malady and restore 
health. An eminent physician has said, our indications of 
cure and modes of treatment are to be learned from the man- 
ifestations of the vital operations uniformly witnessed in the 
febrile state. If fever marks the action of the healing power 
of nature, which we must imitate to be successful, why should 
we not consult the febrile phenomenon for our rule of action. 
Now, what are the indications of cure which we derive from 
this source. In other words, what are the results which 
nature designs to accomplish through the instrumentality of 
fever. They are au equilibrium of the circulation, a properly 
proportioned action of all the organs, and an increased de- 
puration of the system, principally by the excrementitions 
outlets. Suppose a horse shall be suffering from a form of 
disease known as gastro-intestinal, occasioned by an accumul- 
ation of partly digested food within the stomach; the mass 
acts as an irritant, an exciting cause, and the result is in- 
flamation, (local fever ) Then general excitement, or sympa- 
thetic action, which is manifested hy increase in number and 
volume of pulse, hurried respiration, superficial heat, «fec. 
Now it is evident that the inflamation — local fever — is not 
confined to the stomach alone, but becomes general, as we 
have just said, through the sympathetic relations. The effect 
of this geueral abnormal condition is to mitigate the force 
of the disease on the primary tissue, or tissues, to shift the 
weight of the burden, and so apportion it to the several parts 
of the system, as to lessen its intensity 

The heat at the external surface shows that the circulation 
is active. Without heat there is no vitality in the system, and 
without blood there is no heat. Then the blood must be 
sent to the surface for the purpose of relieving the interna 



FEVER IN 1IORSUS. 47 

organ, and therefore fever must, under some circumstances, 
be considered favorable to the cure of disease. Hence the 
reader will perceive that the practitioner whose creed is 
" The more fever, the more blood letting," is one of the 
greatest opponents nature has to deal with, and it is no 
wonder that so many animals are said to die of fever ; it is 
most probable, however, that many die from the treatment. 
The practice of indiscriminate drenching, under the circum- 
stances, with salts and aloes, many times prove just as de- 
structive as the injudicious use of the lancet, for purgatives of 
this character act on the alimentary surfaces as mechanical 
irritants, and then and there set up a pathological action, to 
counteract which nature rallies her forces from the external 
surface, and employs them in the vicinity of the parts where 
they are not wanted, until mans unwise interference conflicts 
with the well planned arrangement ; in short, made nature 
turn a somersault. When the increased action and heat are 
manifested on the surface, does it not prove that the differ- 
ent organs are acting harmoniously in self-defense ? Is not 
this same action manifested through the same channels in a 
state of health, and if morbific materials are present in the 
system, and are the causes of fever, will the mode of evacua- 
tion be different from that of health ? Certainly not. Hence 
the marked tendency of fever to evacuation by the skin in 
profuse perspiration, from the nostrils in the form of catarrh, 
by the bowels as in diarrhoea, and lastly by abcess There- 
fore the great secret of curing disease consists in acurately 
observing by what critical evacuations nature casts cff what- 
ever may be the cause of her infirmities, and in following 
and assisting her agreeably to her indications, for she acts 
with great regularity. When an animal has taken cold, and 
there is power in the system to keep up a continual warfare 
against encroachments, the disturbance of vital action being 
uubroken, the fever is called pure or persistent. Emanations 



48 FEVER IN HORSES. 

from animal or vegetable substances in a state of decompo- 
sition or putrefaction, or the noxious miasmia from marshy 
lands, if concentrated and not sufficiently diluted with 
atmospheric air, enter into the system, and produce a specific 
effect, in order to dethrone the intruder, who keeps up a 
system of aggressions from one tissue to another, the vital 
power arrays ner artillery, in good earnest, to resist the in- 
vading foe ; and if furnished with the munitions of war in 
the form of sanative agents, she generally conquers the 
enemy, and dictates her own terms. While the forces are 
equally balanced, which may be known by a high grade of 
vital action, it is also called unbroken or pure fever. The 
powers of the system may become exhausted by efforts at 
relief, and the fever will be periodically reduced. This form 
of fever is called remittent. By remittent fever is to be 
understood that modification of vital action which rests or 
abates, but does not go entirely off before a fresh attack 
comes. It is evident in this case, also, that nature is busily 
engaged in the work of establishing her empire, hut being 
more exhausted, she occasionally rests from her labors. It 
would be as absurd to expect that the most accurate definition 
of fever in one animal would correspond in all its details with 
another case, as to expect all animals to be alike. There are 
many names given to fevers, for example, we have milk or 
puerperal fever, symptomatic, typhus, infiaraatory, &c. 
Veterinary surgeon Percival, in an article on fever says : 
" We have no reason — no not so much — to give fever a 
habitation in the abdomen, than we have to enthrone it in 
the head. But it would appear from the full range of obser- 
vation, that no part of the body or limbs can be susceptible 
of infiamation, (local fever,) though at the same time, no 
organ is invariably or exclusively affected. From this we 
learn that disease always attacks the weakest organ." The 
same author continues : " All I wish to contend for is, 



FEVER IN HORSES. 49 

character, species, and require the same general means of 
cure 5 and that, were it not for the local affection, it would 
be difficult or impossible to distinguish between the One or 
the other." 

Dr. White, V. S., says : " Some practitioners do not admit 
the existence of fever in the horse as a primary disorder ; 
they are sensible men, but consider it as a symptom depend- 
ent on internal disease. Then why not attend to the internal 
disease, instead of attempting to cure the fever. It would be 
a very difficult task for us to convince mankind generally 
that fever does not require to be treated as the real enemy, 
for fevers are very fashionable diseases, and it is a very easy 
matter to convince a man that his horse has got a fever, and 
he is always willing to pay for its treatment."' Mr. Blane, 
A. V. S. refers only to three different kinds of fever, the 
common or simple fever, symptomatic fever, and malignant 
epidemic fever. Mr. White, v . S. thus refers to fever: " The 
fevers of a horse, for it is of little importance whether we 
call them fevers or inflamation, are generally connected with 
inflamation either of the mucous or serous membranes, or 
both in other words. Fever may be of the catarrhal kind, 
as in the epidemic catarrh, or the violent influenzas which 
sometimes prevails in the spring or beginning of summer, 
fever may effect the mucous surface of the stomach and 
bowels, when it causes great languor and debility." 

Our own definition of fever is, that it is a symptom of 
disease, arising in consequence of sympathy of the system 
with disease in some particular part. Pleurisy, for example, 
consists in inflamation of the serous membranes within the 
thorax, and at the commencement, and indeed during the 
various phases of the malady, fever may be present, mani- 
festing itself in the usual manner, but are we to treat the 
fever, the mere manifestation of the disease — pleurisy — or 
shall we not find it more in accordance with the principles of 



50 1EVER IN HORSES. 

reason to endeavor to care the latter? Fever is present, in 
all cases of an inflamatory character, therefore we would 
warn our readers not to let fever in the horse so engross their 
attention as to everlook the real malady. Next to inflamation, 
fever is the great scarecrow of the empyric, when, in fact, 
there is nothing very alarming about the fever itself, yet it 
leads us into the by-paths of former ignorance, for if there 
were not previous disease, there could be no fever, so that 
he who merely treats fever, is playing the part of mounte- 
bank to the disease then present. A few illustrations will 
serve to explain. A man, for example, mmifests paroxysms 
of cold, hot aud sweating stages ; these phenomena may 
prevail in different degrees, and their mode of succession 
vary, but if the three different stages are evident, the case 
is called intermittent fever. Now, disection of those who 
have died of intermittent fever show a morbid state of many 
of the viscera of the thorax and abdomen, but the liver and 
organs concerned in the formation of bile, as likewise the 
mesentery, are those which are usually most affected — Hoop- 
er. Why, then, should men trifle with the lives of their 
patients in raging fevers of this type, when such important 
organs as the above are the primary ones involved. Then, 
again, in cases of typhoid fever, post-mortem examinations 
reveal inflamation of the train and viscera, and more partic- 
ularly of the stomach, intestines aud peyers glands, is it not 
reasonable, then, for us to suppose that fevers — the febrile 
symptoms — appear subsequently to the above diseases, that 
they develop them in so slow and insidious a manner as not 
to be noticed until what men are pleased to denominate fever 
sets in, this being at that stage of the disease the most 
marked symptom, and not having the privilege of inspecting 
the patients internal organization, and of course being in 
the dark as to what is going on there, we jump at the con- 
clusion that the patient has some sort of a fever, and name 



FEVER IN HORSES. O 1 

it according to the type and intensity. It is then treated 
secundum artem. 

A horse may all at once show signs of febrile pheiiomena,but 
who is so wise as to be able to demonstrate that an error in 
general management had not previously deranged the equi- 
librium of the vital forces ere the first symptom of fever 
appeared, so in the case of a cow, the subject of puerperal 
fever, she may have been for months in a state of plethora, 
(an abnormal condition,) which is generally the case with 
such animals,the disease perhaps has been a state of incubation 
for some time, but at length it arrives at a stage when the vital 
forces succumb — a general febrile state speedily follows — 
hence the fever is not the real malady. Our limits will not 
admit of further discussion under this head, other than to 
remark, that this is an age of reason, " God-like reason," 
and the World should be dotted over with medical investi- 
gators, who are willing to solve the problems of disease and 
health according to the principles of reason, disregarding 
the stereotyped conclusions of by-gone days. 

Tlrree forms of fever occuring in the horse are alluded to 
by the author of Hippopathology. First, common fevers, 
second, diopathic, and third, symptomatic. The first is but 
a general diffuse iuflauiation, the second arises without any 
apparent local injury, and the third from some local cause or 
iritation. The above distinguished author, however, is 
evidently aiming at perfection, for he has classed these three 
under the signification of one common kind, and he also 
alludes to two of a kind that are uncommon, which he names 
specific, arising from some special, mysterious or unknown 
cause. See Hippopathology, vol. 1, page 144. 



Treatment oi Fever under the Iron Heel of Medical 
Despotism* 



We are bound to " arrest its progress, and to mitigate its 
violence." But suppose we do, are our patients any better 
off? The records of the past will show. A rational system 
of veterinary medicine contemplates in the treatment of 
febrile symptoms, nothing more than a kind of expectancy, 
if the patient be in the cold stage, administer warm diffusible 
stimulants and diaphoretics, aided by warmth and moisture 
externally, friction on the extremities, and if necessary, stim- 
ulating applications to the chest and extremities. In the 
hot stage, and when the superficial heat of the body is great, 
cooliug drinks are indicated, water acidulated with cream of 
tartar makes a good febrifuge. The patient may be occasion- 
ally sponged with weak saleratus water. The alkali has a 
beneficial effect on the cutnaneous vessels, while the water 
lessens the temperature of the body. .No treatment, how- 
ever, can be ofany rational use, unless it contemplates a 
restoration of the healthy equilibrium of the whole system. 

Let the doctor treat the disease, and a good, attentive 
groom can manage the fever. It has been a universal cus- 
tom to resort to the lancet from time imemorial The most 
talented of the profession have invariably resorted to the 
flem as their sliced anchor, in the treatment of this inflama- 
tion of the lungs, pneumonia. Mr. Percivall uses the word 
" pneumony," instead of " pneumonia," to express a state 
of congestion or of inflamation in the lungs The disease 



TREATMENT OP FEVERS. S3 

may be in the congestive or inflamatory stages, simple or 
complicated, involving the bronchial or pleural membranes, 
either the one or the other, acute and sub-acute are also terms 
applied to this disease. But these terms have merely ref- 
erence to the stage or intensity. This is one of the most 
destructive in the catalogue of veterinary diseases. We 
object to the depletory system, for we have no idea of bleed- 
ing a horse to death with a view of saving life. If, as it 
frequently happens, in this disease, the lungs are congested, 
and the abstraction of blood will promote the free and full 
circulation of that which remains, then there might be some 
excuse for blood letting. It will be urged that horses do 
get well after being bled, but this is no proof of its utility ; 
on the contrary, it goes to show, as in the case where a horse 
receives a violent blow on the head, by which the skull is 
fractured, and he recovers, that his health is restored in spite 
of the violence done. Blood is the fuel that keeps the lump 
of life burning. It is the sum of the powers that resist 
disease.- Without blood there is no heat, no motion in the 
body or limbs. Its abstraction leaves the various organs 
less capable of self-defense. But there are other reasons 
why we object to the use of the lancet, and the first is, the 
disease can, if curable, be cured without abstracting blood. 
Secondly, in every disease wherein bleeding has been resorted 
to, complete recovery has been protracted, and the animal 
manifests the debility by swollen legs, and other unmistake- 
able evidences of derangement of the normal condition. 
Thirdly, because the letting of blood impoverishes that which 
remains in the system, and leads to other equally dangerous 
diseases as the one it was intended to cure. 

We are aware that our uncompromising opposition to 
discontinuing the use of the lancet, as we also have been 
formerly in the treatment of pneumonia, will subject us to 
the sneers of its advocates, who by the by, are, generally 



54 SOIIBTHING OF INTEREST. 



:ing, a hundred years behind the age. Their dogmas 
are to them, what the laws were to the Medes and Persians. 
But some consolation is afforded us in the fact that there 
never was a new science but was opposed by some. The 
science that Harvey labored to discover, was bitterly opposed 
even by professional men, Galileo, Newton, Franklin and 
Fulton. Indeed a host of men of kindred genius have> 
been assailed and pronounced the humbugs in their 
day. Modern improvement in Henderson's Perfect 
Foot Form Horse Shoeing, Training and Controlling Wild 
Viscious Horses, may expect to share the same opposition at 
the present day. But what Care we for censure, when engag- 
ed in this glorious reform, if we can arrest the stream of blood 
and error that is now flowing in consequence of an evil sys- 
tem of controlling, shoeing and treating the horse. 



Something of Interest to every one who owns a II orse 
or uses one. 



The question is asked why are so many horses lame, the 
echo answers why ? This question is frequently asked. — 
Lameness is so common that we can scarcely see a horse that 
is not either lame or if not so it is'because both feet or limbs 
are alike stiff and sore. As we pass along the street side 
walk it is seldom we see a horse moving or standing with his 
limbs and feet in a natural position, but generally find some 
with one foot set out as far as it can be reached, others with 
both thrown forward, some with contracted hoofs, evident 
fevered feet, some standing tip toe with their knees bent for- 
ward, others sprawling like a bear on their pasterns, some with 



SOMETHING OF INTEREST. OO 

sunken breasts or shrunken shoulders, and many with crack- 
ed hoofs, rigid surfaces and more with contracted heels, and 
indeed, it is rare to see a perfect foot on a horse after he is 
five years old or has been shod three years. Have you ex- 
amined your horses' foot, its parts are somewhat complicated, 
yet their design is simple and obvious, the foot is not as it 
appears to the careless eye a mere solid lump of insensible 
bone fastened to the leg by a joint. It is made up of a ser- 
ies of thin layers or leaves of horn, about five hundred in 
number, nicely fitted to each other and forming a lining to 
the foot itself. Then there are as many more layers belong- 
ing to what is called the coffin bone, and fitted into this. — 
These are elastic ; take a quire of paper and insert the leaves 
one by one into those of another quire, and you will form 
some idea of the arrangement of these several layers. Now 
the weight of the horse rests on as many elastic springs as 
there are layers in his fore feet, about four thousand, and all 
this is contrived not only for the easy conveyance of the 
horses' own body, but of the human bodies, and whatever 
burdens may be laid upon him. In the first place the colt is 
taken in hand to break. The owner, perhaps, not a judge of 
colts, thinks he will make rather a fancy horse, he tell the 
blacksmith that he wants the horse shod forward, to do it in 
the most scientific style, make his foot look fancy, cut the heel 
down so as to have a wide heeled shoe, cut away the frog, 
dress out the bottom of the foot, and do it up brown, as the 
colt should be shod scientifically, the first time. He says, sock 
the nails home, clinch fast, don't be afraid of your rasp. Now 
he looks as if he could travel, and if there is any trot in him 
it must come out. Again the question is asked, what is the 
course of this lameness ? I trust reasons may be given for 
th is and I hope this may put some on their guard and may 
set others thinking. 



CHAPTER III. 
Of the Horses' Limbers. 



In speaking of the structure of this nobie animal, and the 
points which guide the opinion of real judges of him, we 
should as briefly and as simply as we are able, explain those 
fundamental principles from which many of the nerves take 
their origin, and on which his usefulness of the limbs, and 
beauty must depend. 



The Fore Leg. 



Those parts of the frame which are most essentailly con- 
nected with the valuable action of the horse, (the seapula or 
shoulder blade.) There is strong legamentous attachments 
and connections with the chest, which form the connecting 
centre of motion of the limbs, to the chest and elevated ridge 
called the spinous process of the withers. High withers 
have been always in the mind of the judges of the horse, as- 
sociated with good action, and generally with speed. The 



THE HUMERUS. 57 

reasons is plain enough. They aford larger surface for the 
strong elastic attachments of the muscles of the scapula, to 
the sides of the chest and the elevation above. The muscles 
act with greater advantage, as the rising of the parts depends 
not only upon the muscles of the legs and shoulders, but on 
certain connecting with bone of the limbs and chest with the 
spinous process of the vertebne of the elevated ridge. The 
longer the arm of the lever to which the power applied, the 
easier and the greater height will the weight be carried up 
and forward from the central pivot of motion. Good, high 
action and speed, will not therefore be often found without 
this conformation. 



The Humerus or lower Bone of the Shoulder. 



Forming a joint with the scapula or shoulder blade, at the 
point of the shoulder, is .the Humerus, the central point of 
motion. It is a short strong bone, standing backward in an 
opposite direction to the shoulder blade. At the shallow 
cavity of the scapula or shoulder blade, in a well formed 
horse, this bone can scarcely be too short. 



The Slanting Direction of the Shoulder, 



It will be observed that the shoulder blade and the lower 
bones of the shoulder are not connected together in a straight 



58 THE ARM". 

line, but form a vevy considerable angle with each other. - 
The fore and hind extremities in the situations they occupy f 
in the horse are similar, his angular construction of the limbs 
reminds us of the similar arrangement of the springs of a car- 
riage, and the ease of motion and almost perfect freedom 
from jolting, which are thereby obtained. 



The An 



The arm extending from the elbow to the knee, it consists 
in the young horse of two distinct bones, the Ioiigj and front 
bone called the radius, is nearly straight, receiving into its 
upper end the lower head of the humerus, and the lower end 
corresponding with the upper layer bones ot the knee. The 
short and hinder bone is called the ulma. It has a very long 
and powerful projection, received between the heads of the 
humerus, and called the elbow. It then stretches clown, nar- 
rowing by degrees, to the middle of the front bone, where it 
terminates in a point. The two bones are united together 
by cartilages and ligaments, but these are by degrees absorb- 
ed and changed to bone, and before the horse becomes old 
the whole of the arm consists of one bone only. 

The strength of the horse so far as his fore limbs are con- 
cerned, resides principally in those muscles which give size 
to the arm. A full and swelling fore arm is the characteris- 
tic of every thorough bred horse, whatever other good points 
the animal may possess, if the arm is narrow in front aud 
near the shoulder, flat on the side, and altogether deficient in 
muscular appearance, that horse is radically defective. He 



THE ARM 59 

an neither raise his knee for rapid action, nor throw his legs 
ufficiently forward. The arm should likewise belong, in 
roportion to the length of the muscles, the degree of con- 
lactiun of which it is capable, and in proportion also to the 
egree of contraction will be the extent of motion in the limbs 
eneath. There are other muscles of the fore arm employed 
l extending the limb. The principal one, called the extensor 
letacarpi. Its office is to extend the leg. The next muscle 
1 situation and importance is called the extensor pedis. 

The tendon of another extensor muscle, and a curious ob- 
que one, passing over the tendon, confining it in its situa- 
on, and likewise assisting in extending or straightening the 
?g. The muscles employed in bending the leg are both num- 
rous and powerful Two of the superficial ones are given, 
'he first is called the flexor mcclius metaearpi, because its office 

to bend the leg. The other is called the flexor mctacarpi ex- 
■rnns. And is also designed to flex the leg. The internal 
exor, its office is also to bend the leg. A portion of one of 
he most powerful of the flexor muscles, and powerful indeed 
hey must be, is the flexor brachii. It is the muscle by 
hich almost alone the whole of the leg below the arm is 
ent, and carried forward and upward. 

There are other muscles of the leg and foot not necessary 

be named here. 



Youat says, " Sprain of the Shoulder. 



The muscles of the shoulder blade are occasionally injured 
y some severe shock. This is effected oftener by a slip or 



60 SPRAIN OF THE SHOULDER. 

side fall, than by fair violent exertion. It is of considerable' 
importance to be able to distinguish this shoulder lameness 
from injuries of other parts of the fore extremity. There is 
not much tenderness, or heat, or swelling. It, on standing be- 
fore the horse, and looking at the size of the two shoulders, 
or rather their points, one should appear evidently larger thani 
the other, this must not be considered as indicative of spraini 
of the point of shoulder, which a slight examination will de- 
termine. In sprain of the shoulder, the horse evidently suf-f 
fer extreme pain while moving, and the muscle underneath] 
being inflamed and tender. He will extend it as little as pos- 
sible. He will drag his toe along the ground. It is in lifting, 
of the foot that the shoulder is principally moved. If the 
foot is lifted high, let the horse be ever so lame, the shoulder; 
is little, if at all affected. 

In shoulder lameness, the toe alone rests on the ground. — 
The circumstance which must of all characteris this affec-' 
tion,is that when the foot is lilted and then brought considera-i 
bly forward, the horse will express very great pain, which he' 
will not do if the lameness is in the foot or the leg. In sprain,! 
of the internal muscles of the shoulder, few local measures 
can be adopted. Youatt says, the horse should be bled 
from the vein on the inside of the arm, (the plate vein,) be- 
cause the blood is then abstracted more immediately from the 
inflamed parts. A dose of physic should be given, and fo-> 
mentation applied, and principally on the inside of the arm, 
close to the chest, and the horse should be kept as quiet as 
possible. The injury is too deeply seated for external stimu- 
lants to have very great effect, yet a blister will properly be 
resorted to, if the lameness is not speedily removed. 

Note by Mr. Spooner. The symptoms of shoulder lame- 
ness as pointed out in the text, are for the most part correct. 
A horse, however, never points in this disease, but will some- 
times keep the lame limb further back than the other. The 



BROKEN KNEE. 61 

pain is almost entirely felt in motion, and not in sustaintng 
the weight, whilst in strains of the flexor tendons, there 
is no pain in extending the limb, but only when the weight 
comes upon it so that a horse, in the latter case, steps short 
with the sound leg, and long with the lame one, and the 
very reverse in shoulder lameness. Bleeding from the arm 
and mildly blistering the shoulder, generally succeeds in ef- 
fecting a cure. 



Broken Knee. 



The treatment of broken knee is a subject of considerable 
importance, for many horses are sadly blemished, and others 
are destroyed by wounds in the knee joint. The horse when 
falling, naturally throw his knees forward, on tripping they 
receive all his weight, and are sometimes very extensively 
lacerated. The first thing to be done is by very careful 
washing with warm water, to dense the wound from all grav- 
el or dirt. It must then be ascertained whether the' joint is 
penetrated. The grating of the probe on one of the bones 
of the knee, or the depth to which the probe enters the 
wound, will too plainly indicate that the joint has been open- 
ed. When the joint is opened the treatment must be con- 
ducted on very different principles from that of an ordinary 
wound, and to keep down inflamation. When the joint is 
opened, these measures are to be avoided, as they increase ir- 
ritation, by keeping open the joint, and encouraging the flow 
of synovia, (joint oil,) and the entrance of air. In a case of 
open joint, our principal endeavor must be to close the joint 



62 BROKEN KNEE. 

with all possible dispatch. But even with judicious treat- 
ment, our chances of success will materially depend on one 
or two circumstances, viz : The size of the wound, the cav- 
ity opened, and the fact as to whether inflamaiion is already 
set up in the joint or not, if the latter be the case, our 
chances of success are very slight, for the joint will, in all 
prodability, become anchylosed or stiff. We may in a great 
measure, ascertain the existence of inflamation by the animal, 
placing the limb in a bent position, and keeping it in motion 
by pawing from Uneasiness. There are various methods of 
closing an open joint. A simple and often a very effective 
one, is by means of a solution of by chloride of mercury in a 
solution of spirits of wine, and applied to the wound several 
times a day. by means of a feather, till the synovia ceases to 
flow. Another is the application of the hot iron. The ob- 
ject in both these modes is to coagulate the synovia, so as to 
form a temporary plug to the joint, till nature has time to 
close it more permanently. If either of these methods are 
adopted, it will not do to apply a poultice afterwards, as this 
would wash away the plug which we have sought to form. — 
Another method of treatment, is to apply compresses of 
bandages and paste, letting them continue on tor a length of 
time, so as to close the joint mechanically. Over the banda- 
ges we may apply linseed poultices with advantage, as by so 
doing we keep down inflamation without washing coagulated 
synovia from the wound. By this means we may succeed 
even in formidable wounds, if inflamation has not been pre- 
viously set up in the joint. It is very desirable that the horse 
should keep the limb in a straight position lying down 
should therefore be avoided. 



The Knee. 



To avoid the effects of concussion in so exposed a part, 
six distinct bones, each covered above and below with a thick 
coating of cartilage, connected together by strong ligaments 
but separated by interposed fluids and membranes, form the 
knee. The knee should be broad. It should present a very 
considerable width compared with the arm above or the 
shank below, in proportion to the breadth of the knee is the 
space for the attachment of muscles. In proportion to the 
breadth of the knee there will be more strength, and likewise 
the direction of s/une muscles will be less oblique, and the 
course of others will be more removed from the centre of 
motion, in either of which cases much power will be gained. 



The Leg. 



The part of the limb between the knee and the fetlock 
consists of three bones, a large one before, called the cannon, 
or shank, and two small or splint bones behind, the smaller 
bones are placed behind the larger ones on either side, they 
are united to the larger bone by a. ligamentous substance, 
they reach from one half to two thirds of the length of the 



G4 THE LEG. 

shank bone, and through their whole extent are united to it 
by this substance. But from the animal being worked too 
soon or too violently, inflamation ensues, bony matter is de- 
posited in the room of the ligamentous, and a bony union 
takes place instead of the natural one. There is no doubt 
that the ease of motion is somewhat lessened by this substi- 
tution of bone, however, mischief does often immediately ex- 
tend to the neighboring parts The disposition to deposit 
bone reaches beyond the space between the larger and small- 
er bones of the leg, and a tumor first callous, and after- 
wards bony is found, with part of its base resting on the line 
of union between these bones. This is called a splint. The 
splint is invariably found on the outside of the small bones 
and generally on the inside of the leg. The inner splint 
bone receives the principal weight thrown united to the 
small bones of the knee, and bony tumors occasionally appear 
on other parts of the shank bone, being the consequence of 
violent blows or other external injuries, and are commonly 
called splints. When the splint of either scrt is forming, 
the horse is frequently lame, for the penostum or membrane 
covering the bone is painfully stretched. 



Tied in Below the Knee. 



Immediately under the knee is one of those ligamentous 
rings by which the tendons are so usefully bound down and 
secured. But if the hinder bone of thts knee, the trapezium, 
described, is not sufficiently prominent, this ring will confine 
the flexor tendons of the part too lightly, and the leg will be 



TIDE IN RKLOW KNEE. 65 

very deficient iu depth under the knee. This is called being 
tied in below the knee. Every horseman recognizes it as a 
most serious defect. It is scarcely compatible with speed, 
and most assuredly not with continuance. Such a horse can- 
not be ridden far, or fast without serious sprain of the back 
sinews. There are few more serious defects than this, ty- 
ing-in of the tendons immediately below the knee. In a per- 
fect leg, and towards its lower part, there should be three dis- 
tinct and perfect projections visible to the eye, as well as per- 
ceptible by the finger. The sides of the shank bone being 
the most forward of the three, next the suspenery ligaments 
and hinder most of all the flexor tendon. When these are 
not to be distinctly seen or felt, or there is considerable 
thickening about them and between them, and the leg is round 
instead of flat and deep, there has been what is commonly, 
but improperly called, strain of the back sinews. These ten- 
dons are enclosed in a sheath of dense celular substance, in 
order to confine them in their situation and to defend them 
from injury. Between the tendon and the sheath, there is a 
mucous fluid to prevent friction. But when the horse has 
been over worked, or put to sudden or violent exertion, the 
tendon presses upon the delicate membrane, lining the sheath 
and inflatnation is produced. A different fluid is then thrown 
out, which coagulates, and adhesions are formed between the 
tendon and the sheath, and the motion of the limb is more 
difficult and painful. At other times from violent or long con- 
tinued exertion, some of the fibers which confine the tendons 
are ruptured. A slight injury of this nature is called a sprain 
of the back sinews or tendons, and when it is more serious, 
the horse is said to have broken down. It should be remem- 
bered, however, that the tendon can never be sprained be- 
cause it is inelastic and incapable of extension. The tendon, 
or its sheath, are scarcely ever ruptured, even in what is 
called breaking down. The first injury is confined to inflama- 



66 TIDE IN BELOW KNEE 

tion of the sheath, or rupture of a few of the attaching fibers 
This inflamation, however, is often very great, the pain in-i 
tense, and the lameness excessive. The anguish expressed at 
every bending of the limb, and the local swelling and heat, 
will clearly indicate the seat of injury. Youatt, said in every 
serious affection of this kind, care should be taken that the 
local inflamation does not produce general disturbance, of the 
system, and therefore, the horse should be bled and physic-' 
ed . The bleeding may be at the toe by which an important 
local as well as general effect will be produced, the vessels of 
the heart will be relieved, while fever will be prevented. — 
Note by Mr. Spooner. In the original description of the an 
atomy of these parts in the text, there are one or two omis 
sions which it is necessary to supply. The office of these ten- 
dons is two fold, viz : To flex the limbs and also to sustain a 
great portion of the animals weight. They therefore act both 
as sinews and as ligaments. In the latter office they are. 
greatly assisted by a strong ligamentous substance which is 
attached to the common bone above, and to the perforans; 
tendon below, for which, indeed, it forms a sheath. In those 
strains of the tendons where the enlargement takes place, 
just under the knee, this ligament is the seat of mischief, and 
the effect is, if not early subdued, to cause a contraction of 
the sinews, and consequently produce first a straight or 
knuckling, and afterwards an over shot fetlock, so that the 
animal is rendered useless, and requires in order to restore 
him to any degree of usefulness, the performance of an ope- 
ration denominated division of the flexor tendon. 



The Fetlock* 



The fetlock -joint is a very complicated one, and from the 
stress which is laid on it, and its being the principal seat of 
motion below the knee, it is particularly subjected to injury. 
There are not many cases of sprain of the back sineAv that 
are not accompanied by inflamation of the ligaments of this 
joint, and numerous supposed cases of sprain higher up are 
simply affections of the fetlock. It is frequently occasioned 
by bending the joint in a lateral direction, and injuring the 
capsular ligaments of the joint. Lateral motion iu these 
joints is very limited. Therefore if a horse treads on a round 
body or maintaining the violent eccentric force by one big 
heel calk alone, or gets his foot iu a hole, and the strain comes 
upon the side of the joints, lameness is generally the result. 
It requires a great deal of care and some experience to dis- 
tinguish the one from the other. The heat about the part, 
and the point at which the horse least endures the pressure 
of the fingers will be the principal guides. 



Wind Cialts. 



Youatt says in the neighborhood of the fetlock are frequent- 
ly found on either side of the back sinews enlargements on 
the hind leg oftener than the fore one, which are denominated, 



68 WIND-GALtS. 

windgalls. Between the tendons and other paits, whenever the 
tendons are exposed to pressure or friction, and particularly 
about the the extremities, little bags or sacs are placed, con- 
taining and suffering to ooz slowly from them a raucous fluid 
to lubricate, (make slippery,) the parts. From undue pressure 
and that most frequently caused by violent action and strain- 
ing of the tendon, or often from some predisposition about: 
the Horse, if these little sacs are injured, they take on in- 
flamation, and sometimes become large and hardened. There 
are few horses perfectly free from them. When they 
first appear and until the iuflamation subsides, they may be 
accompanied by some degree of lameness* but otherwise, ex 
cept when they attain a great size, they do not interfere with 
the action of the animal, or cause any considerable unsound- 
ness. The farriers used to suppose that they contained wind, 
hence their name wind-galls, and hence the practice of open- 
ing them, by which dreadful inflamation was often produced 
and many a valuable horse destroyed. Note by Mr. Spooner. 
Numerous dissections of these wind-galls have enabled us to 
give different explanation, from that stated in the text. 
They appear to be of two kinds, those situated between 
the suspensory ligaments and the flexor tendon, and which 
are the most common, and those formed between the sus- 
pensory ligaments and the bone in front, in each case imme- 
diately above the fetlock joint. The former wind-galls con- 
sist in an extension of the investment of the sheath of the 
flexor perforans formed for it by the perporatus, and the lat- 
ter a distension of the capsular ligaments of the joint itself. 
In each a synovial cavity is effected, and consequently the 
wind-gall cannot be opened without considerable danger. — 
They rarely occasion lameness unless attended with consider- 
able inflamation or ossification of the neighboring parts, or a 
solidification of the synovia, (joint oil.) When this is the 
case the treatment advised in the text should be adopted. 



Wind-Galls— Enlarged Bursee. 



The bursal capsules located just above ibe fetlock, as well 
as in the vicinity of the hock, secrete a synovial fluid corres- 
ponding to what some persons term joint oil, the use of 
which is to facilitate motion. In cases of this character, eith- 
er the walls of the capsular ligaments are hypertrophied, au- 
gumented in bulk, or the synovial secretion is inordinate, or 
its flow is obstructed Cure — counter irritation, band- 
age, friction and regular exercise are the best remedies, yet 
they often fail to remove the eye sore. It is not uncommon 
for wind-galls entirely to disappear in aged horses. 



Ctroggincss. 



The peculiar knuckling of the fetlock-joint, and the totter- 
ing of the whole or the fore leg, by the name of Gogginess, 
and which is so often seen in old and over worked horses, is 
seldom an affection of either the fetlock or the fastern joints 
simply. Indeed it is difficult to fix on any particular joint, 
unless it is that which is deep in the foot, and where the flex- 
or tendon runs over the nervicular bone. It seems oftenest 
to be a want of power in the ligaments of the joints gener- 
ally producedjby frequent and severe sprains, or by ill judged 
and cruel exertioa Professor Stewart, very truly says : — 



THE PASTERNS. 



" That it is common among all kinds of fast workers and long 
journeys at a fast pace, will make almost any horse groggy. 
Bad shoeing and a want of proper stable care will help to in- 
crease it. It is one of the evils of excessive work ; in the 
majority of casus it admits of no remedy, except moderation 
and natural moisture equal to the common atmosphere, ap- 
plied to the feet and Henderson's Common Sense Foot Form 
Shoe. 



The Pasterns. 



Next a consideration of the pasterns will throw more light 
upon this lamentable prolific subject, and the lamentable dis- 
eases of the extremities. The upper pastern bone receives 
the lower pulley-like the head of the shank-bone, and forms 
a hinge joint admitting only of bending and extension, but 
not of side motion. It likewise forms a joint with the sesa- 
moid bones. Its lower head has two rounded protuberances 
which are received into corresponding depressions in the 
lower pastern. On either side above the pastern joint, are 
roughened projections for the attachment of very strong 
ligaments, both in the capsular ligaments aud many cross 
ligaments which render the joint between the two pasterns 
sufficiently secure for its natural motion. The lower pastern in 
connection, is a short, thick bone with its larger head down- 
ward. Its upper head has two depressions to receive the pro- 
tuberances, on the lower head of the upper bone having some 
resemblance to a pulley, but not so decidedly as the lower head 
of the shank bone. Its lower head resembles that of the oth- 



THE PASTFRNS. 71 

er pastern, and has also two prominences, somewhat resem- 
bling a pulley, by which it forms a joint with the coffin-bone 
and a depression in front corresponding with a projection in 
the coffin-bone. There are also two slight depressions be- 
hind, receiving the eminences of the navicular bone, which 
bone extends nearly across the foot at the quarters, and there- 
by produces a peculiar three bone joint, limited in the extent 
of motion. Neither of these admit of any lateral motion. 




TWO VIEWS OF THE NAVICULAR BONE ARE HERE REPRESENTED- 

The ligaments of this joint, both the capsular and the cross 
ones, are like those of the pastern joint, exceedingly strong. 
The tendon of the extensor muscle is inserted into the fore 
part, both of the upper and lower pastern bones, as well as 
into the upper part of the heels of the coffin-bone, and at the 
back ot these bones the suspensory ligament is expanded 
and inserted, while a portion of it goes over the forepart of 
the upper pastern to reach the extensor tendon. These at- 
tachment in front of the bones as seen in the figure, in which 
(a) represents the lower part of the shank bone ; (b) the sesa- 
moid bone, (c) the upper pastern, (d) the lower pastern, 
(e) the coffin bone, (/) are the branches of the 
suspensory ligaments going to unite with the extensor ten- 
don, ((/) the long extensor tandon, (h) ligaments connecting 
the two pastern bones together, and (?) the lateral cartilages 
of the foot. Our connection of the foot would not be well 
connected to the hoof or wall of the defence of the internal 
portion without a description of the coronet or coronary ring 



72 THE HORSES' FOOT. 

The crust or wall does not vary much in thickness until near 
the top, where it rapidly gets thin. It is in a manner scoop- 
ed or hollowed out; it likewise changes its color and consist- 
ence, seems almost like a continuation of the skin, but 
easily separated from it by maceration, steeping or soaking in 
a fluid, or by disease. The upper and thin part is called thei 
coronary ring. It extends around the upper portion of thet 
hoof, and receives within it or covers a thickened or bullious: 
prolongation of the skin, called the coronary ligament. This; 
prolongation of the skin (it is nothing more,) is thickly sup- 
plied with blood-vessels. It is almost a mash of blood-ves- 
sels connected together by fibrous texture, and many of them 1 
are employed in secreting or forming the crust or wall of the ! 
hoof. Hence it is that in sand crack,quittor and other diseasesij 
in which strips of the crust are destroyed, it is so long in be--; 
ing renewed or growing down, for it must proceed from the:, 
coronary ligament, and so gradually creep down the foot) 
with the natural growth or lengthening of the horn, as in the; 
human nail, a supply is slowly given to answer to the natural 
ware and tear of the parts. 



The Mechanical Structure of the Base or Wall of 
the Horses' Foot. 



The external covering, the horny box, named crust or wall, 
that covers the extremities of the horse, the coronary ring 
and band, the bars, the horny lamina, the sole and horny 
frog, combine and form the hoof, and act as a defence to the 
sensitive part within which portion maintains the whole vio- 



XHE horses' foot. 73 

lent motion of the horse, and is somewhat acorn form shape, 
presents a plain, flat narrow surface to the ground, ascending 
obliguely backward, and possessing different decrees of ob- 
liquity in different horses. In a sound well formed hoof, the 
proper degree of obliquity is calculated at forty-five degrees, 
or the fourth part of a semi-circle. At the front the wall or 
crust measuring about three inches and a half when the foot 
stands on a level, the heels scarce one inch and a half stand 
in a semi-circular direction forward. The crust is composed 
of numerous horney fibers connected together by an elastic 
membranous substance,extending from the coronet to the base 
of the hoof, is adapted as a defence to the sensitive parts 
within. It is composed of small filaments or hollow tubes, 
consolidated in such a manner as to preserve their canals dis- 
tinct. These canals constitute the excrementitious outlets of 
the hoof, through which mobific or waste matters make their 
exit, and in them may also be found the vessels by which the 
horn is secreted. The small vessels arising from the vascular 
and nervous membrane beneath the hoof, which is consider- 
ed as a continuation of the true skin, enter also into these ca- 
nals The small vessel alluded to technically called pappillae, 
possess the properties of sensibility and conductibility. They 
are formed from cells and have an allotted function to per- 
form, for which in their healthy state, they are all sufficient, 
and for which no other class has or can perform without de- 
rangement to the parts* The bars are in fact, a continuation 
of the external portion just described, and they form an 
acute angle at the lateral extremities of the hoof, which ter- 
minate towards the toe, leaving an opening to be filled by 
the horny frog. They serve to give strength and durability 
to the hoof, and prevent contraction of the heels. They aid 
the hoof in protecting the soft and sensitive parts within.— 
The bars present the same appearances' as that of the crust. 
They are held together by vital affinities, and so long as they 



THE HORSES' FOOT. 

maintain their normal integrity, the foot will preserve its form. 
Next in order is the sole. It is considered to be" more elas- 
tic than the crust and is the medium of the sensitive faculty, 
through which together with its powers of elasticity in the 
connection with the frog with the bars, the percussion of 
the foot against the ground is regulated. The horny frog is 
still more elastic than either of the parts described, and any 
unnecessary paring on the part of the smith, is to be deprecat- 
ed. On the internal portion of the combined parts just de- 
scribed, we find a beautiful set of laminae, resembling those 
found on the under part of a mushroom. Their number is 
said to be about five hundred, which articulate with a similar 
number given off from the coffin bone. Each lamina having 
two sides and an edge, form a series of articulations, number- 
ing about four thousand, the whole presents a surface of four 
square feet, hence the body of a horse rests upon sixteen 
square feet of surface within the hoof. The hoof we have al- 
ready observed, serves as a defence to the sensitive parts with- 
in. It varies in size and thickness according to the age 
and condition, its texture may be rendered hard or soft by ju- 
dicious treatment, its conformation may be altered for better 
or worse by proper attention to the laws of animal life, stable 
management and skillful shoeing, and natural moisture equal 
to the wild condition. 



The Bars— Before Partially Described. 



At the back part of the foot the wall of the hoof instead 
of continuing round and forming a circle, is suddenly bent 



TUK BAKS. 75 

in, it represents the base of the crust and its inflections or 
bending in at the head forms the bars and are in fact a continu- 
ation of the crust, turning in by an acute angle, and extend 
neai-ly to a point forward of the centre of the circle of the 
wall and the inside of the bars like the inside of the crust, 
presents a continuance of the horney leaves, showing that it 
is a part of the same substance, helping to discharge the 
same office. The arch which these form on either side of the 
frog at the quarters, is admirably contrived, both to admit of 
and to limit to its proper extent the yxpansion of the foot. 
When the foot is placed on the ground and the weight of 
the animal is thrown on the leaver of the inside of the bars, 
and the force of motion is supported by the frog in connec- 
tion with the floor and the continuation of the wall, by the 
expansibility of the leaves of the horn or laminae, then the 
arches will shorten and widen by the animal motion in order 
to admit of the expansion of the quarter. The bow return- 
ing to its natural curve, and powerfully assisting the foot in 
regaining its usual form. It can also be conceived that these 
bars must form a powerful protection to the quarters, a mo- 
ments inspection will show that if the bars are taken away 
there will be nothing or less to resist the contraction, or fall- 
ing in of the quarters, when the foot is exposed to any dis- 
ease or bad management that would induce it to contract. — 
Hence the elevation of the frog above action having nothing 
to rest upon, being elevated above and betwixt the high heel- 
ed shoe, thereby elevating the frog, from acting its part, tax- 
ing the wall with the whole violent animal motion in the for- 
ward direction of 45 degress. The foot suffers in two ways. 
First: The uneven force thrown upon the wall at the angle 
of 45 degrees. Second: For the use of the frog having noth- 
ing to rest or act upon, to prevent the quarters from driving 
in by the severe angular force of the motion upon the wall 
alone, which must be considered at 45 degrees, and the inac- 



76 THE BARS. 

tion of the frog, offers no resistence to contraction. Contrac- 
tion is produced, the heels and the quarters are not retained, 
the mal-form will be produced, diseases and the natural foot 
will be deranged. The common custom shoeing and stable 
usages will produce first, contraction of the quarters, second, 
corns, third, sole bound, fourth, it crowds the internal por- 
tion of the hoof, fifth, it produces quarter crack, sixth, it 
cramps the action of the bones of the coffin-joint, injures the 
frog by avoiding its use as wise nature designed. It de- 
ranges nature, impedes the circulation of the blood and fluid 
of the feet and limbs, produces in addition to the above so 
called fever of the feet or founder, sprung-knees, sunken 
breasts, shrunken or sweenied shoulders, chest founder, rheu- 
matism, &c, &g. Some people seem to suppose that a horses' 
footjis as insensible as a block. Many of our readers have 
probably had occasion to deplore the present barbarous sys- 
tem of shoeing. Dear bought experience may have taught 
them a lesson which they are not likely to forget. 




Strains — Lameness. 



There are the must deceptive class of ailments attributed to 
the shoulder or foot of the horse, for many such are spoken of 
in a most confident manner which do not exist in reality whilst, 
others could not possibly happen to the parts indicated by the 
names they commonly bear. 

In order to make myself more generally understood, the 
cause, back sinews is the vulgar name for the tendon, which 
the reader will find depicted in a section at the foot of page, 
and marked (K). It ascends behind the small pastern (I), and 
large pastern up to the knee bend of the fore leg or the hock 



78 THE STRAINS AND LAMENESS* 

joint of the hind one, respectively. This sinew is again shown i 
where it emerges out of the heel and enters its sheath, to • 
which it is attached in a certain degree, by means of a very 
fine membrane, adhering from side to side and capable of 
distention or relaxation. The sheath itself is attached to the 
two pasterns, of which it thus becomes the tendon or sup- 
port, whence the back sinew and its sheath or flexor together 
obtaining the pleural tendon. Within the sheath is secreted 
a fluid intended for lubricating and defending the parts dur- 
ing the very great action to which they are liable in every 
effort of progression. As happens in all other secretions, 
this one sometimes fail to produce enough for the intended 
purpose, for severe violent action, when the sinews and its 
sheath adhere together, or at least do not act with freedom. 
The consequence whereof is lameness in a greater or less 
degree, which may be temporary only or become permanent, 
according to circumstances. If the dryness and adhesion be 
trivial, as happens after hard work and a night's rest, the 
horse upon getting warm loses the lameness this deficiency 
has occasioned for the secretion has been thereby renewed, 
and the lubrication js now supplied in sufficient quantity, but 
the horse falls lame again next day, probably, and if he can- 
not be allowed rest its seven to one that he becomes perma- 
nently lame. "Whenever it so happens that the secretion does 
not restore to the entire tendons their original motion, it fol- 
lows that some part is adhesive to another. Inflamation is 
the consequence, and the horse becomes worse and worse 
every day he is put to work. The lameness never leaving 
him altogether; when the adhesion begins extensively, the in- 
flamation and swelling are equally so. The pain is then very 
great, and the lameness complete and permanent. This de- 
notes the disorder called strain of the back sinews, 
In very bad cases or where a slight attack has continued some 
time, the ligament that passes between the back sinew and 



THE CUKE. 79 

'" the pastern bone becomes greatly diseased and conducts the 
' iuflamation to the foot, affecting alike the sole of the coffin- 
1 bone and the hoof with heat. 

Fever in the foot is that low state of the symptoms that 
; arises from a slight attack which has been neglected. The 
more violent attacks must come under separate notice. 



Cure. 



Rest is not indispensable, but moderate labor foment the 
entire foot with warm water continually, or envelope the foot 
all over, as high as the inflamation may extend, with cloths 
saturated with warm water which is to be continued to be 

| wet for days and nights as far as the fetlock. When the heat 
is greatest at the sole as far up as the coronet, will do by dip- 
ping the foot and the surrounding covering frequently into a 
bucket of warm water. The shoes should be removed and the 

! extreme surplus growth of the horn removed also, so that the 
frog will take a portion of bearing upon the earth or the foot 
form shoe herein set forth. After this treatment has reduc- 
ed the inflamatory symptoms, moderate work may be resum- 
ed and continued with a continuation of the wet cloths 
through the night to keep the parts moist and cool, and that 
the frog may have a bearing of support, the animal motion 
of the horse, which will restore the secretion of the foot and 
limbs in the majority of those disorders of the useful pow- 
ers of the horses' limbs and feet. 

Instead of the cloths for the feet a more effectual benefit 
may be derived from a shallow box, six inches deep, and six- 



80 



teen inches wide, and sufficiently long in the stall in front of 
the horse, that he may be compelled to stand in the water 
above the hoofs when he is feeding, is a very desirable sub- 
stitute to supply the natural moisture to the feet, by artifical 
means, and absolutely bennificial for the healthy condition of 
the domesticated horse. 

Lameness is universally the symptom that denotes disor- 
dered limbs and feet. It is the only one perceptible for some 
time until its continuance throws out some appearance on the 
surface, and that inquirer who can ascertain its true seat is 
most likely to find the cause, and to effect a cure. For in- 
stance, lameness occasioned, by disordered bones, as in ring- 
bone and bone-spavin, is universally ascribed by the stable 
man and humble practitioner to strain in the stifle, in the 
shoulder or the whirl-bone, whereby so much valuable time 
is lost in applying the proposed remedies at the wrong place, 
that these two disorders in particular made head almost irre- 
deemably before the true seat of ailment is ascertained. The 
same species of blunder is propagated when a disease hap- 
pens to the foot, the shoulder is pointed at and sweeny and 
chest founder rheumatism, etc., is claimed. 

When we reflect upon this strict accordance between the 
structure of the fore foot and the hind, and then look over 
and lament the numerous disorders that the first or fore part 
of the horse is liadle to,whilst the hinder is comparatively free, 
it gives us reason to pause. But without entering upon an 
elaborate investigation of this difference as to health, I come 
to the conclusion that we ought to attribute the disease of the 
feet, as I have already those of the body, to the excess- 
ive weight of the neck, and bulky shoulders, and that of the 
vascular system, promoted by the great exertion the animal is 
put to, and the rude concussions the fore feet endure at every 
step, and supported by the wall alone without the aid of the 
bars and frog, as nature designed. Thus by .the common 






81 



shoe creating friction, heat, and attracting hither many evil 
humors that may afflict the body or limb or teet generally. 



Canker. 



Sometimes canker is but an agravated frush. The symp- 
toms are those of frush, extended also to the bars of the 
frog, the heel, the sole, and so is the cure, with this addition, 
that the paring must be carried on to the extremity, baring 
all the diseased parts, though these extend over the whole 
bottom of the foot. Cut away the proud flesh to the quick, 
and when it has bled a little, apply the common dressings, 
such as are commonly used, as we have seen that inflamation 
is the immediate cause of all disorders of this class. And 
seeing that the irritation which produces this has been 
brought on by distress of the parts for the want of due 
pressure on the frog, any one whose eyes are open may 
see the necessity of paring the extra surplus growth from the 
strong high heels of the wall down, so that the frog and 
bars may have nearly an equal bearing with the wall, so that 
when the horse is walked over field, or turf, or level surfaces, 
the varied portions of the foot must support the weight 
equally as nature provided. Hence the necessity of the 
Foot Form Shoe, for example, for hereby it will be seen, 
on turning to the brief description I thought proper to give 
at the beginning of this book, of the Internal Conformation 
of the foot, that the healthy action of the parts depend upon 
each other, and is only to be kept up by the action of the 
sensible frog, share in the motion of the horse, and in a wild 



82 CANKER. 

or unshod condition always does so. When the frog is not 
sufficiently pressed upon, says Mr. Coleman, it becomes soft 
and feeble, from the inaction and supply of the fluid 
which it naturally secretes in great abundance from the fatty 
(elastic) substances which lie immediately under the tendon 
for its healthy support. This view of the process tallies 
tolerably well with my own experience and examination of 
the subject. 

When the diseases of the foot cannot be traced distinctly 
to any specific cause, they are fairly attributable to ailment of 
the whole system dropping into the legs, and fever in the 
feet. Decidedly so, in may opinion, when both are afflicted. 
Therefore it was that I noticed this disease along with strain 
of the tendons, to which I attribute its origin, as much as^to 
other causes of general heat of the feet. Indeed the whole 
structure of the foot of the horse is so peculiarly curious that 
it almost deserves a separate study. But we must always 
keep in mind, whilst consieering its ailments, that the great 
irritation kept up by its extreme action is readily communi- 
cable from the one to the other, so that we can not intellibibly 
separate the leg from the foot. Symptoms may be ascer- 
tained, however, by turning the hoof and pressing the cleft, 
with the thumb, which will give pain and occasion the animal 
to flinch Inflamation has already begun at the insertion of 
the back sinew, in the bottom of the coffin bone, where the 
branches of the cural artery also enters the bone at tfie 
bottom, whereof is the sensible sole, which separates it from 
the horny sole. See this structure of the foot described. 



Rheumatic Fever. 



This is one of those disorders in the horse, upon the ex- 
istence of which doctors disagree. But doubtless the 
vicisitudes of heat and cold to which the horse is subjected 
thereby the whole system is checked so as to occasion gen- 
eral lever, is equally likely to check the circulation in one or 
two limbs only, and the pain the animal would thus labor 
under, in the performance of its duties, would constitute one 
of the causes assigned before for simple fever, or founder. 
Little good, however, would ensue by my considering it 
separately, so I shall content myself with referring the 
reader to the head of simple Rheumatism or Grogginess, 
The circulation of the blood is earned on through all parts 
of the body and limbs, to which it affords the means of life 
and health, or being ill performed, is the fruitful source of 
lingering, obstinate and incurable disease, some whereof 
almost baffle our skill and care, and while they induce us to 
admit that the practice of veterinary physic never will reach 
perfection, yet we are inspired by the hope that by patient 
investigation, we may at least find out the means of al- 
leviating their evil tendency. 



Inflamatory Disorders of the Horse. 



From all the information the reader "fmay have col- 
lected together in his mind, respecting the circula- 
tion of the blood, the great heat of his blood, combined 
with his bulk, and the amazing exertions he is compelled to 
make, altogether constantly predispose him to incur fever of 
the whole system, or infljimation of particular parts, accord 
ing to concurring circumstances. Nor is the matter changed 
one whit, when we reflect that fever sometimes terminates in 
local inflamation, which we term critical, as being the crisis 
and cure of the disorder, and that the inflamation of one 
part or organ, the liver in particular, frequently developer 
into fever of the whole animal system, by means of the 
rapid circulation of the blood through the diseased organs, 
simply premising that all the disorders incurred by the horse 
are referable, more or less, to the over heated or inflamatory 
state of his blood, by the extraordinary exertion of the 
powers of the limbs and feet upon an unnatural foundation. 
The wall maintaining the violent exertions and force of the 
animal action, and its consequent unfitness for the purpose 
of promoting life, health and vigor. For the more heat, the 
more viscidity or thickness there will be in the blood, and 
less will it be foun i capable of circulating, the unnatural heat 
continues up to a certain point of the disease. When the 
animal is so far affected as to lose its appetite, and conse- 
quently no fresh blood can be formed by the digestive 



DISORDERS OP THE HORSE. 85 

powers, the blood then becomes thinner every day, because 
the more solid particles are constantly being deposited in the 
cellular membrane, to supply the waste that is unceasingly 
going on there. But this supply soon fails, as necessarily it 
must where it is not replenished at the source, and wasting 
of the solids succeeds of course, unless nature is assisted by 
our art judiciously. The right application of the art, 
what we are now in search of, is consistent shoeing and 
stable usages. 

The immediate consequences of the horse being hard 
worked, and high fed and physicked with stimulants, the con- 
stant heating predispose the blood to a feverish state. Increas- 
ed action of the heart and the arteries accompany aud keep 
up this state of irritation, which may be further accilerated 
by the animal being allowed to take cold while in that state, 
whereby the perspiration is checked of a sudden, and the 
blood which may then fill the smaller vessels is detained there 
to the further annoyance of the larger ones. He then con- 
tracts inflamation of all the solids aud organs of life, or more 
properly, fever. But when only a certain part of the system 
or a single organ is thus checked, we consider the affair under 
the name of inflamation of that part, as of the lungs, the 
kidneys, &c, always keeping in mind, that, by continuance, 
these extend their baleful influence to other organs, with 
which a certaiu sympathy is known to exist. In like manner, 
when external muscular parts swell and secrete matter, this 
is in like mauner an inflamation of that particular part, or 
tumor, or abcess, with a great variety of names, according 
to the place where it may be seated. Pole-evil and Fistula 
are among those external complaints to which I allude. 
More frequently the limbs and feet, as all those disorders in 
common, together with several others, I have no hesitation 
in attributing their remote cause to constitutional defective- 
ness at least, or incapacity in the function of circulation, 



8G DISORDERS OF THE HORSE. 

better known by the homely expression " A bad state of the 
tramoty' as before insisted upon principally to the same pre- 
disposing cause. That species of inflamation of the whole 
system which we have agreed to term fever, frequently ter- 
minates by concentrating its latent humors, and depositing 
the same critically in some fleshy part of the carcass or limbs, 
or feet, producing matter (or pus) with heat, constitutes the 
disease, whether absess or tumors supervene. Both have 
immediate connexion with the blood vessels of no small con- 
sideration, though the disorder may have commenced with 
the finer vessels (capillaries,) and it hath been repeatedly 
proved. All this is agreed upon by those who deny the 
necessary pre-existence of a general ill state of health, as 
well as by those who already know, or have yet to learn, 
that the liver, that acknowledged cleanser, permits much 
grosser materials to pass through it than those offensive 
matters, or gross humors, which wo contend reside in the 
blood, and constitute disorder of one kind or other on the 
surface, or at least predispose the animal to acquire such, 
according as circumstances may determine one way or the 
other. Seeing that such gross substances as bits of straw, 
chaff", &c , as has been said by the wise that these bits 
have issued from a vein on blood letting, is it too much to 
concede the ultimate poiut that the feculent humors, which 
constitute tumors, farcy, &c, may not in like manner escape 
into the circulation, and be detained at that particular part 
which is rendered by some accident less capable of continu- 
ing the harmful matter in a fluid state. A blow, a gall, a 
ligature or bruise are known to occasion this disability by a 
violent blow, at once bringing on disease in one of its varied 
shapes, so does a cold produce fever in some animals sooner 
than in others, according as the circulation may be more 
languid, or more predisposed to inflamation, or otherwise 
unfitted for its purposes, whilst some again acquire inflama- 



QUITTOR. 87 

tion without any such accidents or cold, the fever being 
lighted up occasionally by warm stabling alone, though the 
air they breathe may be perfectly innoxious. 



Quittor, 



This is a disease of the foot at the coronet, but is so de- 
cidedly fistulous that I choose to treat of it in this place, 
rather than in the space devoted to the foot in general. The 
studious observer may more readily remember the general 
observations I thought necessary to prefix to this whole class 
of diseases. 

The cause — a tread which the horse inflicts on itself. This 
tread or bruise may either be inflicted upon the coronet, or 
lower down, by over-reaching, or even at the sole, by taking 
up a stone or other hard substance, also by a prick or blow 
in shoeing. A quittor is also sometimes occasioned by 
gravel working upon the top of the shoe betwixt the foot 
and shoe into an aperture left by an old nail hole, acting 
upon the sensible laminated substance, sepai - ating it from 
the insensible, leaving a cavity from the aperture quite up to 
the coronet, where it lays and inflames and produces abcess, 
which is frequently very difficult and troublesome to cure, 
and if not early attended to, sinuses form, somptimes reach- 
ing to the coffin bone. The blood vessels at the coronet cease 
to perform their proper functions of secreting new horn, and 
the consequence is frequently the loss of the inner quarter of 
the hoof. 

Seeing this curious construction of the foot, we are com- 
pelled to allow that numerous accidents may also occur to 



88 QUITTOR. 

prevent the supply of blood to the parts, to say nothing of 
its unfitness at times to carry on its proper purposes. The 
two vessels before noticed that bring this supply of new 
blood descend into the foot, behind the small pastern bone 
and pass with the back sinew underneath the shuttle bone 
as may be noticed in the section. Here it enters the coffin 
bone at the sole, by an indentation of the bone designed for 
the protection of the vessels passing in and out. From the 
receptacle in the coffin bone after connection the blood 
issues forth, part of it to lubricate and nourish the shuttle 
bone, and its adjacent ligaments, the remainder to effect 
similar purposes elsewhere, but the greater part is destined 
to supply the horny material of the hoof. 




Chest Founder. 



Youatt says on page 152 : The muscles of the breast are 
occasionally the seat of an obscure disease, called by the old 
farriers anticor, and chest founder. The horse has consid- 
erable stiffness in moving, evidently not referable to the feet. 
There is tenderness about the muscles of the breast, and 
cocasionally swelling. Youatt says : I believe it to be noth- 
ing more than rheumatism produced by improper exposure, 
sometimes a considerable degree of fever accompanies ; but 
bleeding, physic, a rowel in the chest, warm embrocations 



90 INFORMATION. 

over the parts affected, warm stabling and warm clothing, 
with an occasional dose of antimonial powders, will soon sub- 
due the complaint. 

Note by Mr. Spooner : The absorption or diminution of 
the muscles of the chest alluded to in the text, and which 
used to be denominated chest founder, is neither more or 
less than disease in the feet, (the navicular disease in feet,) 
and which existing in both feet prevents the fore legs being 
exercised to the same extent as before, and consequently, the 
muscles from being partially thrown out of use, become to a 
certain extent absorbed. By the term anticor, we rather 
understand an abcess in the breast, or brisket, to which some 
horses are liable. It is a rare disease, and more frequently 
attacks heavy chested horses; foreign horses are more subject 
to this disease than English ones. 



Information. 



I shall presently place before the operative reader a few 
plain and intelligible precepts, accompanied by some admoni- 
tions, for most assuredly that teacher who contents himself 
with telling the learned what is necessary to be done, has but 
half performed his duty, if he leaves uncorrected certain long 
standing errors, which he knows to exist, and to have re- 
ceived the sanction of age, that were confessedly working in the 
dark, as regards horse shoeing, above all other operations. But the 
method of performing this operation is avowedly not to be 
taught in its rudiments upon paper. Practice is alone indis- 
pensable, manual labor is requisite, and much of it conducted 



INFORMATION. 91 

by an intelligent mind well versed in books, is necessary to- 
wards forming the proficient shoeing smith. Hitherto, how- 
ever, from the nature of the blacksmith's trade, its laborious- 
ness, and the deficiency of general education down to a late 
period, most of the operatives in this branch of mechanical 
labor were precluded from acquiring the additional informa- 
tion that books contain, after they had once adopted their 
future calling. Error and prejudice had fast hold of our 
ancestors for centuries, but the prevailing national desire of 
acquiring the minor school endowments, promises a different 
result at the present day, and on this occasion, either science 
has been disrobed of her cloak, and the niceties of art are 
sought in language that all can comprehend, by a gradual 
process of experiments and discoveries. In all man's inven- 
tions and discoveries, he has invariably commenced with 
some simple principle, and gradually developed it from one 
degree of perfection to another. The first hint of the power 
of controlling electricity was Franklin's bringing it down on 
the string of his kite. Now it might be said that man has 
entire control of the subtle element, making it the instrument 
of transmitting thought from one extremity of the globe to 
the other, with a rapidity that surpasses time. And the 
great propelling power that forces the wheels of the steam 
car over vast continents, and plows the ocean and rivers with 
thousand of steamers, was first discovered escaping from a 
tea-kettle. And so the powers of the horse, second only to 
the power of steam has become kuown to man only as obser- 
vation and investigation revealed them. 
The general principle of all shoeing is to support the foot off 
the ground by means of the wall upon the shoe by the crust, 
so that the frog shall not come in contract with the hard 
plain road, whilst it may not be allowed to receive pressure 
from the ground, which is improper and unnatural. It is not 
so in nature. Lameness usually accompanies the beginning 



92 INFORMATION. 

of contraction. It is the invariable attendant of rapid con- 
traction, but it does not always exist when the wearing in is 
slow or of long standing. A long, thorough, practical ex- 
perience has taught me to believe that contraction of the 
hoofs, in the majority of cases, is in consequence of a bad 
system of shoeing, and stable management. The young and 
healthy foot before shoeing, approaches nearly to a circle, 
and of which the quarters form the widest part and the inner 
quarter wider than the outer., but I am sorry to say this 
shape is not long preserved in many horses. And why % In 
the first place, the majority of the smiths as a common pi-ac- 
tice, are forced by the public sentiment to adopt the pop- 
ular, time-honored custom, handed down from father to son, 
to the present century, by the popular force of habit of early 
taught practice of forging their shoes in a way well calculated 
to contract the heels of the hoofs at every step, or even on 
standing still upon the common shoe, and upon the dry stable 
floors. The common shoes, at the heels and quarters, are forg- 
ed on a less circle than the crust ; at the quarters of the shoe 
Borne are straighter and wider betwixt the heels than 
the heel of the hoof itself. The animals weight is thereby 
thrown on the wall of the hoof, and comes to the inner edge of 
the heels or quarters of the shoe, forcing the wall continually 
together, betwixt the iron heels of this sloping in of the 
heels, upon an inclined foundation, causes the crust or 
wall to crowd in at the quarters between the high heel 
calks. The frog, hanging betwixt, having nothing to rest 
upon to help sustain the violent angular force of progressive 
motion, aided by the dry, feverish condition of the common 
domesticated custom of the stable, contraction is thereby 
produced. 




The shoes affixed to the feet of horses by the continental 
farriers, differ materially from our own and from each other, 
which proves that no fixed principle is acknowledged by 
either, though the English and French assimilate together 
nearest of any, and are those I apprehend acknowledged 
nearest to perfection, yet imperfect and insufficient to defend 
or protect the foot. 

Whoever termed the horse shoe an iron defence, was a 
happy fellow, in as much as a goodly designed appellation of 
a description of the thing intended, and tells plainly what a 
shoe ought to be in reality, if made in accordance with 
natures requirements, of proper form to protect and support 
nature, and of proper material. If it proves inadequate to 
defend the foot from injury, the shoe then becomes tne cause 



94 INFORMATION. 

of grievous ofi'ence, of paiu, heat and contraction of the 
horn, with its train of evils produced by it. 

The English shoe form is more freely approved of in this 
century, and more in common use in America, and is made 
perfectly flat on both sides. The inner edge being forged 
thinner than the outer, is designed to defend the wall, and 
it terminates at the heel where the angle of the crust or wall 
forms the heels, at the acute angle of the crust or wall. This 
form shoe, by common consent, maintains the whole violent 
animal motion, by the base of the wall alone upon the iron 
form shoe, in contact with the wall. Not upon a level 
shoe form, but inward upon a concave, or sloping to the 
centre. The force of the violent motion of the horse's 
limbs must be considered to come in contact with the founda- 
tion of the shoe thus described, at an angle of 45 degrees. 
The heels of the wall are forced in that direction by the 
animal motion while the frog is elevated above action, having 
nothing to act upon. 



The first cut in representation is the ordinary position of 
the foot which restson a supposed artificial defence. 



A 




The second cut represents the bearing of the force of 
motion as it is thrown upon the shoe in contact with the 
wall or crust of the hoof at right a angle, upon the foot-form 
surface of the shoe, and the obliquity of the motion of the 
hoof. 




The Sensible Sole. 



Between the coffin bone and the horny sole is situated the 
sensible sole, formed above of a substance of a ligamentous 
or tendonous nature, and below of a cuticlar or skinlike sub- 
stance, plentifully supplied with blood vessels. It was 
placed between the coffin-bone and the sole, by its yielding 
structure to assist in preventing concussion, and also to form 
a supply of horn for the sole. It extends beyond the coffin 
bone, but not at all under the frog, leaving a spaoe for the 
frog. It proceeds over the bars and is a cover in by some 



THE SENSIBLE SOLE. 97 

laminae to unite with those that have been described, 
as found in the bars. It is here likewise thicker and more 
elastic, and by its elasticity is evidently assisting in obviating 
concussion. It is supplied with nervous fibers and is highly 
sensible, as the slightest experience in horses will evince. — 
The lameness which ensues from the pressure of a stone, or 
of the shoe on the sole, causes ioflamation of the sensible 
sole; corns result from bruises and inflamation of the sensible 
sole between the crust and the bar. Corns are of four 
kinds, the old the new, the sappy and the suppurating ; 
they are produced by the heels of the coffin bone, assisted 
by contraction of the wall of the heel, internal bruises 
of the sensible sole, the common custom shoeing and stable 
usages, as passive agents. When they occur in large 
fleshy feet, the unyielding horny sole, is the passive 
agent, when they are present in contracted feet, the 
heel of the coffin-bone in both cases, is the active agent. 
The wings or posterior of this bone project backward nearly 
as far as the bars, or immediately over the seat of corns. 
When the horse is in motion, the coffin-bone can never re- 
main still. It rises, or rather the wings are drawn upwards 
by the flexor tendon, every time the foot is lifted from the^earth 
and sinks because of the weight which is cast upon it, every 
time the foot touches the ground, the wings of the coffin- 
bone, alternately bruise the sensitive sole, at every uneven 
tread, thus in constant action. When the horny sole is weak 
it often descends upon the shoe, the heels of the coffin-bone, 
press laterally upon the fleshy sole by the contraction of the 
wall the parts are bruised by the common time honored form 
shoes, as has been described and fully set forth. 

I shall not so subdivide the head of my treaties on the seve- 
ral diseases, since each will appear under the respective heads 
of information and subject to the same remedy, and nearly 



98 THE SENSIBLE SOLE. 

all may be benefited by the same preventatives, or may be re- 
lieved by the same shoeing. 

By the common shoe the extreme high heeled calkings 
maintain the principal violent animal motion by the wall 
along, upon the high heeled calking which extend by com- 
mon custom to the extreme outside of the heels and quarters 
of the wall or crust of the foot, as is the common pi-actiee. 
The leverage of power in maintaining the motion, is far 
from a perpendicular central motion of the animal, and far 
from the central support of the motion the weight is main- 
tained, internally, eccentrically and alternately. First by one 
heel calk, then the other maintains the violent force, as the 
uneven surface of the hard paved streets may ^chance to be. 
Not so however with the action of the heels of the coffin- 
bone in close connection with the force of the motion thrown 
on the shuttle bone, which is in continuous extended cen- 
tral combined force with the heels of the coffin-bone coming 
in contact with the sensible sole, and by the resistance of the 
eccentric force from the horny bottom or mal-form of the 
floor of the foot is produced by this common form shoe. By 
the combined imposed burden force of the wings of the cof- 
fin-bone downwards, the horny sole will or cannot yield, and 
the fleshy or sensitive sole is thereby bruised by the eccen- 
tric force between the wings of the coffin-bone and the hor- 
ny bottom of the floor of the hoof, a corn is thereby estab- 
lished, causes heat, tenderness, lameness and diseases. A 
deposit of blood whereof iuflamation becomes offensive mat- 
ter is the result from the form of the shoe and custom of 
shoeing of th e present century. The wall at the quarters 
standing upon the shoe, heels sloping in as a common cus- 
tom, or even a plain lever bearing for the wall alone to sup 
port the angular motion by the heels and quarters above anc 
upon the shoe heel, which must be considered standing upor 
the shoe in an oblique direction equal with the toe, which it 



THE SENSIBLE SOLE. 99 

firmly nailed to the shoe, but not so with the quarters. The 
heels crowd in and forward from the obliquity of the wall 
above and upon the shoe at the quarters and heels. 

I shall not repeat what is already said, but merely add that 
distortions, mal-form and undue pressure on the sensible sole 
occasionsed at an early day or more remote. The irritation 
which brings on intense inflamation of its edges where the 
shuttle and the heels of the coffin-bone coming in contact 
with the sensible sole, the heels of the coffin-bone press 
upon it at every uneven tread in maintaining the animal mo- 
tion, and causes undue pressure upon the sensible sole, and 
the utmost bending that the minutest elasticity of the heel of 
the hoofs allows of but contraction of the heels, which occa- 
sion pain. Hot, brittle and inelastic hoofs prevent its bending 
duly and truly, and the unnatural lateral pressure upon the 
quarters follows. The sole being thus unduly penned up, the 
circulation is obstructed in its passage too and from the cavi- 
ty of the coffin-bone, heat and fever are produced and the se- 
cretions are obstructed, &c. On turning the heel calks down 
a crippling gate of the horse is frequently produced if the 
calks be long, especially with heavy horses having low hoofs 
which may be contracted. This is explained by scientific sat- 
isfactory practical tests of many horses by me, both sound, 
and those of contracted feet. And from a long extensive 
practical experience of the author of this work, he says the 
only successive mode that I can conceive of by which a ma- 
tured old corn, or eight out of ten of the lamenesses can be 
either cured or palliated permanently, is to take of all sur- 
rounding pressure from the diseased parts by the continuous 
use of the foot form shoe herein described. 

I will here give views of three of Prof Coleman's patent for 
shoes giving pressure to the frog, which continues in use,tho' 
in a very limited degree. Mr. Coleman's opinions as to pres- 
sure and the diseases consequent upon the absence of it, are 



100 THE SENSIBLE SOLE. 

embodied in his specification, drawn up to obtain his patent. 
He may be allowed to speak for himself on this ever interest- 
ing subject. He says " The improvement proposed in this 
patent is to prevent contraction, and to relieve contracted feet 
contracted frogs, flat soles, sand cracks, corns, canker and 
quittor, and also to preA'ent cutting." This principal shoe 
he says, promotes the secretion of healthy horn. The proper 
degree of pressure being received by the heel, frog and bars, 
to afford the necessary expansion to the hoof, the patentee 
proposed the annexed forms. Observing that no specific form 
of shoe can be suited to all horses under all circumstances, 
and to every sort of road. It being necessary to alter the 
6hoes of the same horse at different periods. 




Progress of Improvement. 

All that is claimed for Prof. Coleman's patent shoe above 
is claimed in the fullest extent, in Prof. Henderson's Patent 
Common Sense Foot Form Shoe, as an improvement on all 
shoes, for all horses, every form of feet and condition of 
street, or seasons of the year. 

Henderson's Common Sense Foot Form Shoe should be 
forged nearly round, circling in with the hard wall or crust 



PROGRESS OF IMPROVEMENT. 101 

of the foot at the return portion called the bars, and extend- 
ing to or underneath the frog. The street side should be con- 
vex, or a continuous calking or flange for the street side in 
conformity with the crust, bars and frog. The extremities or 
curving in of the shoe heels, at the centre, may be raised as 
calks and sharpened for ice or frost, but not necessary for 
summer. Steel may be welded in as usual at the toe, and 
sharpened. The upper side of this shoe form should be a 
plain level surface, from near the inside edge. From the last 
nail hole it should be sloped down out and backwards, equal 
to the obliquity of the wall above and upon the shoe, to furn- 
ish a right angle foundation of support to the motion, and 
protection to the wall, bars and frog, to maintain each a 
proportional share of the rapid, violent, animal progression 
upon the hard paved uneven streets. This Foot Form shoe 
will furnish a support and protection to natures form foot, not 
only for a short time, but till the injuries of the sensible 
parts have lost their tenderness and formed healthy horn, thro' 
the circulation of the blood and secretion spoken of between 
the ends of the bones, as a defence against injuries, to ena- 
ble it to bear pressure. Then continue the same perfect foot 
form shoe for the protection and support of the frog, bars 
and wall, as the whole foot would have received support from 
the earth by the frog in a wild or unshod condition. As a 
preventative is more valuable than a cure, conditions favora- 
ble for health will produce favorable results. Nailing well 
around the toe, four on the outside, and three on the inside 
of the wall will give the inner quarter the more liberty of 
action and prevent contraction. 



The Coffin-Bone* 

And the interior of the foot must now be considered. The 



102 THE COFFIN-BONE. 

lower pastern, a small portion of which is contained in the 
horny box, has been already described. Beneath it and al- 
together inclosed and firmly secured by the laminae in the 
coffin-toe-bone, the first or proper bone of the foot, the toe 
bone is fitted to and fills the fore part of the hoof, occupying 
about half of it. It is of a light and spongy structure and 
filled with numerous minute foramina, holes or pores. — 
Through these pass the blood vessel and nerves of the foot, 
which are necessarily numerous, considering the important 
and various secretions there carrying on. And the circula- 
tion through the foot which could not possibly be kept up if 
these vessels did not run through the substance of the bone, 
considering the manner in which this bone is enclosed in the 
horny box, and yet the important surfaces around and below 
it that are to be nourished with blood. The circulation which 
is thus carried on within the very body of the bone is one of 
the most beautiful provisions of nature that is to be found in 
the whole frame. Its shape and position within the foot will 
be seen by inspecting the figure or foot. On the front and 
sides of the coffin-bone are laminae or leaves, cartilegain our 
fleshy plates running down between the horny leaves of the 
crust. The substance which connects these leaves with the 
coffin-bone is highly elastic and necessarily so, as while the 
horse is at rest, his whole weight is supported by them. This 
is proved by experiment. The sole, bars and frog were re- 
moved from the foot of a horse, and yet as he stood the cof- 
fin-bone did not in the slightest degree descend. But when 
the horse is moving both sets of leaves, those of the coffin- 
bone and the superior portion of the crust, gradually length- 
ens and suffers the coffin-bone to press on the sole. The 
sole then descends and in the descending in connection with 
the frog in contact with the earth, the heels expand and so 
by an admirable mechanism the violent shock which would 
be produced by the pressure of such a weight as that of the 



THE COFFIN-BONF. 



103 



horse, and the violence with which it descends is lessened 
or destroyed and the complicated apparatus of the foot in 
rapid motion, m a wild or unshod condition, remains unin- 
jured. 

A careful observation and practical and continuous use of 
Prof Henderson's Improved Perfect Common Sense Foot- 
Form Shoe, will retain or restore natures form of the horses 
foot, by the natural animal action, and natural pi-otection and 
support of the internal and external parts of the foot, by the 
ordinary use of the frog, in proper proportion to the rapid 
and violent motion, as wise nature designed. It will also be 
rendered self-evident, the security which the bars and wall, 
in connection with the sole and frog, afford to the foot the 
effectual protection which they give to the lateral portion of 
the parts of the foot, in connection with the frog and other 
parts. 




The Horny Laminae or Leaves. 

The inside of the crust is covered by thin horny leaves 



104 THE HORNHT LAMENT 

extending all around it, and reaching from the coronary ring 
to the toe. They are about five hundred in number, broad- 
est at their base, and terminating in the most delicate ex- 
pansion of horn. They not a little resemble the inner sur- 
face of a mushroom. In front, they run in a direction from 
the coronet to the toe, and towards the quarters they are 
moi - e slanting from behind forwards. They correspond as 
shown with similar certilagious and fleshy leaves on the sur- 
face of the coffin-bone, and form a beautiful elastic body of 
net work by which the whole frame of the horse is supported. 



The Sole, 

Is under and occupies the greater portion of the concave 
and elastic surface of the foot, extending from the crust or 
wall to the bars and frog. It is not so thick as the crust, be- 
cause, notwithstanding its situation, it does not support so 
much weight as the crust, and because it was intended to ex- 
pand in order to prevent concussion By the descent 
of the bones of the foot, the weight is thrown upon the elastic 
laminae. It is not so brittle as the crust and it is more elas- 
tic than it. It is thickest at the toe, because the first and 
principle stress is thrown on that part, and by force of mo- 
tion the coffin-bone is driven forward at an angle of 45 de- 
grees, and downward in that direction by the animal pro- 
gression. It is likewise thicker where it unites with the 
crust, than it is towards the centre, for similar reasons, be- 
cause there the weight is first and principally thrown. In a 
state of .nature it is to a certain degree hollow. The reason 
of this is plain. It is intended to descend or yield with the 
weight of the horse, and by that gradual descent or yielding 
in connection with the frog, the concussion is most mater- 
ially lessened. The shock which would result from the sud- 



THE SOLE. 105 

den, violent action of the weight of the animal in rapid and 
violent exercise, and this descent can only be given by a 
hollow. A flat sole already pressing upon the ground, could 
not be brought lower, nor could the functions of the frog be 
then discharged, nor would the foot have so secure a hold 
then, if the sole is arched and hollow because it must descend. 
The smith should not interfere with this important action. — 
When the foot will bear it, he should pare out sufficient of 
the accumulated horn to preserve the proper concavity. Also 
a portion of the wall at the toe, and cutting deeper towards 
the centre. He must put on a shoe which shall not prevent 
the natural descent of the sole, and which not only shall not 
press upon it, but shall leave sufficient room between it and 
the sole to admit of this descent. If the sole is pressed 
upon by the coffin bone during the lengthening of the elastic 
laminae, and the shoe will not permit its descent, the sensible 
part between the coffin bone and the horn will necessarily be 
bruised, and inflaraation and lameness will ensue. It is from 
this cause that if a stone insinuates itself between the broad 
deep seated shoe and the sole, it produces so much lameness. 



The Sensible Frog. 

The coffin bone does not occupy more than one-half of 
the hoof. The posterior part is filled by a soft mass, partly 
ligamentous and partly tendinous. Its shape below and under 
the navicular or shuttle bone, as it is sometimes called, corres- 
ponds with the cavity of the horny frog. In front it is 
attached to the inferior part of the coffin bone, and further 
back it adheres to the lower part of the cartilages of the 
heels, where they begin to form the rounded protuberances 
that constitute the heels of the foot. It occupies the whole 
of the back part of the foot above the horny frog, and be- 



106 



THE SENSIBLE FROG. 



tween the cartilages. Running immediately above the frog 
and along the greater part of it we find the perforanus flexor 
tendon, which passes under connecting with the nervicular 
bone, and is inserted into the bottom of the coffin-bone. 




The Cartilages of the Foot. 

There is a groove extending along the upper part of the 
coffin-bone, and on either side, except at the protuberance 
which receives the extensor tendon, is occupied by cartilage, 
which like the crust is convex outwards, and concave in- 
wards. It extends to the very posterior part of the foot. 
Raising about the quarters half an inch or more above the 
hoof, and diminishing in height forward and backward. — 
These cartilages occupy a greater portion of the foot than 
does the coffin-bone, as wilf be seen in the figure where they 
are represented, extending far behind the coffin-bone. They 



THE FROG. 107 

are held in their situation not merely by this groove, but by 
other connections with the coffin-bone, the nervicular bone 
and the flexor tendon, and are thus perfectly secureed. Be- 
low are other cartilages connected with the under edges of 
the former, and on either side' of the frog. Between these 
cartilages is the sensible frog, filling up the whole of the 
space, and answering several important purposes, as will be 
hereafter described. 



The Frog. 

In connection with the other important portions of the foot, 
in the space between the bars and accurately fitting it is the 
frog. It is a triangular elastic wedeje like portion of horn, 
projecting from the sole almost on a level with the crust, and 
covering and defending a soft and elastic substance, called the 
sensible frog. Its shape all are familiar with. It is firmly 
united to the sole, but is perfectly distinct from it. It is 
softer and far more elastic. It discharges various duties be- 
sides the one above named. It conducts or aids the circu- 
lation of the liquids of the internal portion of the foot. By 
its elasticity action and motion is produced, when it comes in 
contact with the ground, as in a wild state it always does 
and prevents the horse from slipping in an unshod condi- 
tion, especially when the heel comes first to the ground, as in 
galloping, it assists materially in the expansion of the foot. 
To discharge these various duties, it must come in contact 
with the ground, or the herein described shoe. The prac- 
tice of cutting it away in shoeing or elevating it above acting 
its part is therefore highly improper. For it will by its yield- 
ing substance in the descent of the sole when the weight of 
horse and his burden are thrown upon it in the putting down 
of the foot upon the earth or a suitable form shoe pressing 



10« THK moG. 

it will then decend likewise and do what nature designed, 
while the foot will be defended from the wear and bruises 
and injury that it would receive if it came upon the ground 
with the first and full shock of the weight of the animal and 
his burdens. There is a well known fact in mechanics, that 
the strength of a machine is only that of its weakest part 
— the strength of a chain that of its weakest link. So with 
the horse, his valuable powers of usefulness will be from the 
most defective points. Hence the necessity of continuing to 
retain the feet and limbs perfect. 



CHAPTER IV. 




Connecting Remarks between a Correct System of 

Snoesug and Educating the Horse. 

The foregoing is a very humane system of treating the 
horse, and one that is attended with the best success in sub- 
jugating ail horses for domestic purposes. And yet there are 



110 CONNECTING REMARKS. 

other methods by which they may be trained and subjugated, 
which no less show the superiority of man than the willing- 
ness of the horse to obey him, when man's wishes are made 
known to him. Much has been said of Mr. J. S. Karey's sys- 
tem of subjugating wild, vicions horses. It is known almost 
the world over. He taught his system iu the United States, 
Upper and Lower Canada, and has also had the pleasure of 
operating before the Royal Court in England. As far as our 
knowledge extends, his system has met ihe approval of those 
who have attended his lectures. But after giving him all the 
praise that is due Mr Rarey's system for subjugating vicious, 
horses it is like all other new inventions that are brought be- 
fore the public. In a short time there are very great im- 
provements. At present there are several different modes of 
successful operating. Mr. J. S. Rarey's plan of strapping 
the foot; Messrs. Rockwell & Humbert's whirling until he 
staggers or fall to the ground; Messrs. Dmagner tfc Dudley 
claim to have an improvement upon the last named by tying 
a loop in the end of his tail Taking the tie strap of the hal- 
ter, pass it through the loop, bring his head to his side and 
tie fast to the tail. He then with a bow top whip steps be- 
hind the horse, cracks him sharply in the quarters and keeps 
him whirling until he tails Another plan as introduced by 
Prof. Hamilton, is to procure a piece of rein webbing ten feet 
in length, attach one end to the ankle of the left forward foot, 
make fast with a timber hitch, which is made thus : T;ike 
the end of the webbing, carry it to the inside of the pastern, 
brines it around the ankle to the outside, then under the main 
webbing over the outside, and back of the pastern. Then 
pass the end under and up through between the ankle and web- 
bing, passing the end through twice, and slipping up close. 
A knot made after that manner cannot slip or injure the pas- 
tern, and will untie without trouble. After the whole web is 
made fast to the pastern of the left forward foot, the other 



HOKSK TAMING 111 

end is carried through under the chest, and over the horses' 
back to the near side. A half inch cord is now tied around 
the horses' neck, about midway betweeu the head and shoul- 
ders, a running loop is then passed through between the 
neck and cord, carried forward and looped into the month. — 
He now lifts the left forward foot, takes the webbing that is 
brought over the back to the near side, draws it close, winds 
the webbing around his right hand and presses the knuckle 
hard on the left side of the back. With the left hand he 
reaches to the off side of the horses' neck, grasps the cord 
that is looped into the mouth, and carries his head against 
his right shoulder. After moving him upon three legs for a 
little time, he then throws him upon the left side. All of the 
above named plans answer well, and may be considered of 
vast improvement in horse handling. And with the 
knowledge of all the above improvements, and after 
a long, careful and practical study of the horse in shoeing 
and subduing wild vicious horses, I have full confidence I 
can make this system of controlling, handling and educating 
the horse, move humane and perfectly clear. If you careful- 
ly peruse and practice this work according to its teachings 
to the horse and owner, than any previous work, but in re- 
lating my experience in horse handling, manner of shoeing, 
and inventions from 1834, to the present time, I do not ex- 
pect to make myself very renowned in relating my extensive 
experience in horsemanship. But trust mainly to rely on the 
merits of this subject to become useful to those who feel an 
interest in this important topic. First, the horse is govern- 
ed, and receives his instructions through the five senses, viz: 
Seeing, tasting, hearing, smelling and feeling. The one of 
seeing seem to be rather predominant. But the most of 
those are more acute than man's, for they partially supply the 
place of reason in the animal. Secondly: He is governed, 
like all other animal, by his instinct, which is combined in 



112 HOKSE TAMI&G. 

the five senses. And one of the qualities of instinct is to fear 
the approach of man, whom he looks upon as his superior. 
This is more especially the case when he is in a wild state. — 
But when this wild fear is changed to love by kind treatment, 
it is increased a hundred fold. Another of these is to love 
and obey man, when domesticated and educated, which he 
generally does, unless his animal propensities are aroused by 
ill treatment, for it is an undisputed principle in the nature 
of this animal not to offer resistance to our wishes, when 
made known to him in a manner that he can understand us. 
And of course it follows that this must be done in accord- 
ance with the laws of his nature. The passion of love, in all 
animals when cultivated and fully developed, is even strong- 
er than that of fear. Man stands at the head of all created 
animal beings, for all will tremble and crouch with fear at his 
approach, except when attacked in a warlike manner, or 
when there is no chance to flee. Then if man is placed at 
the head of all these, it shows the importance of his study- 
ing his own nature. And if he arrives at the highest state 
of his moral culture, to which he is attainable, all the better, 
so as not to abuse the power invested in him, and to enable 
him to turn all these things to the best and most profitable 
account. And here is another idea which is worth its weight 
in gold, viz : His cultivation and improvement have a ten- 
dency to promote good society, for while cultivating the 
finer feelings of his nature, as he must, in order to control 
the horse properly, man arrives at that degree of refinement 
in his mind which is so necessary for a member of good so- 
ciety to possess. As I stated above, the domesticated horse 
loves man, and I very much doubt whether there is another 
creature on the earth that is so universally beloved by man 
as the horse. He looks upon man as his friend, and 
when in trouble, in a domesticated state, will run to him for 
help and protection. What then has man to fear from the 



HORSE TAMING. 113 

brute creation, when he becomes acquainted with his ability 
to govern and control them all, and when he sees the most 
ferocious beasts flee at his approach. 

But to return more directly to the subject in question. I 
will proceed to show what man should be to accomplish his 
purpose with the horse, and then by what means he can do 
it. The timidity of many persons only prevents their be- 
coming successful horse trainers. It requires almost a reck- 
less courage, a patience that never tires, and a temper that 
nothing can ruffle. With these requisites, any one may en- 
ter the pleasing labor of subjugating and educating the 
horse, with almost a certainty of success. All men are not 
endowed with this gift, though any one of common ability, 
who studies the horse minutely will soon learn by his quick 
perception and judgment to govern the horse, notwithstand- 
ing the great difference in organization and temperament 
that belongs to this animal, which does not always consist in 
a uniform plan of operating with all, but must be varied ac- 
cording to their innividual capacities, after subduing their 
wild fear. This is a study, which if properly perused sys- 
tematically will be one of the most ennobling, as well as pro- 
fitable branches of the industry of breeders and the farmers 
occupation, for it will enhance their horses' value at least one- 
half, in some cases, by rendering them more docile and safe 
to guide and handle. In a word the man should be in every 
respect, of good disposition, and the law of kindness should 
be fixed in his mind as the key-stone of all successful theo- 
ries of treatment towards the hoise, and ^he should look for 
help only where help is to be found. 

Everything is now arranged for the colt to receive his first 
lesson. And how is it to be accomplished 1 This may be 
accomplished by the superior control of man. As we have 
here set forth to gain the horses' attention, though some in- 
dividual unacquainted with a correct system of handling wild 



114 HORSE TAMING. 

and vicious horses, would say the plan I adopt by which to 
halter and lead quietly wild horses, would so frighten them it 
would prove a failure, but quite the reverse. Prepare your- 
self with a good spring top whip, with long switch. Step 
into the barn ; close the door ; now all is safe. You are 
alone with the colt ; nothing to attract his attention but your- 
self; stand quietly for a few moments, and he will eye you. 
Take your whip in your right hand, give it a crack ; at the 
same time approach the colt, so the distance from him is the 
length of whip and give him some sharp cuts around the hind 
legs and under the flank. Never strike him forward of his quar- 
ter. After applying your whip in such a manner for about 
one minute, then take your whip in your left hand, at the 
same time hold out your right hand and gently approach him, 
saying : " Ho, boy. " But in approaching him, if he turns 
and runs from you, again apply your whip sharply. Then 
again approach him saying : "Ho, boy. " In operating in 
this manner for about five minutes, he dare not turn his 
quarters,but will stand and face you, and you can lay your hand 
upon his neck, pat and caress him. In doing so you gain 
his confidence, and when he follows you he comes for protec- 
tion, but when ho turns to leave you, he is sure that he will 
get punished. By using your whip in that manner for twenty 
minutes, he will follow you around the barn the same as a 
pet dog, keeping his head close by your side. 

This exercise was fully illustrated by Mr. Jonathan Smith, 
of Virginia, which is thus described by S. W. Cole : A 
vicious mare was given him to tame, which it was said he 
could not manage unless he delt with the devil, for she was 
wild, skittish, high tempered, and disposed to kick and bite. 
He ordered her into a barn, and then entered and fastened 
the door. Before she had time to survey him, he was giving 
her the lash smartly. Around she went, kicking and jump- 
ing ; no rest was given ; the sweat flowed, and she slackened 



HOUSE TA »J 115 

in her movements. When she approached him, he slackened 
his whip, held out his hand, and said " come along." Again 
she was off, and the lash applied. This was repeated several 
times before she would advance, and when she moved to- 
wards him, he approached and patted her, and as he moved 
away and said, " come along." She followed. In a moment 
she darted off; he applied the lash smartly. She stopped, 
trembled, and approached him. He patted her neck and said 
" come along," and she followed him several times around 
the barn. When she lagged, he was away, and the whip 
applied. After that, she would not remain two feet from 
him. He ordered the door to be opened, and the mare fol- 
lowed close to him, through the crowd, and back to the stable. 
This shows and proves clearly the first step and correct way 
of forming an acquaintance with wild and vicious horses. 



CHAPTER V. 



Training and Educating the Horse. 

I will now give the theory of Breaking, Educating, Hand- 
ling, Shoeing and Subduing wild, vicious horses, be their 
disposition what it may, with a few remarks on their nature 
and character. The horse, the noblest of animals, man's 
best friend an 1 most docile servant, has been for centuries 
misunderstood, and subject to the caprice and ill usage of his 
master. As a colt, neither his intellect or understanding are 
appealed to, but cruel force is applied when milder treatment 
would induce far more beneficial results The methods 
should be humane and philosophical. Proceeding on the 
correct hypothesis that he is an intellectual animal, we appeal 
to his intellect, and having proved to his satisfaction that he 
is controlled by a master mind and a physical power with 
which it is useless for him to contend, we proceed to educate 
him with the same ease that a schoolmaster trains a child in 
the path of knowledge. The power of memory in the 
horse is largely developed. His lessons once learned are 
retained, and he is always thereafter amendable to reason 
It is only when his master becomes unreasonable, that he 
will show symptoms of revolt, and a desire to argue the 
point with him. Once thoroughly educated on such a sys- 
tem, the whip and spur may be dispensed with, for he soon 
learns to understand what is required of him, and will strain 
every nerve to accomplish the kindly conveyed behests of 
his master. Treated with consideration and kindness, his 



HORSK IAMIM 



wants cared for, and his comfort attended to. he becomes the 
mos't willing and docile of slaves, the most faithful of ser- 
vants. This is the true philosophy of Horse Breakiug, and 
the system which I teach. 



Getting the Colt from Pasture. 

Go to the pasture and walk around the whole herd quietly 
and at such a distance as not to cause them to scare and run. 
Then approach them very slowly, and if they raise their 
heads and seem to be frightened, wait until they become 
quiet, so as not to make them run before you are close 
enough to drive them in the direction you wish. When you 
begin to drive, do not [flourish your arms or halloo, but 
gently follow them off, leaving the direction free you wish 
them to take. Thus taking advantage of their ignorance, 
you will be able to get them in the yard as easily as the 
hunter drives the quail into his net. For if they have always 
run in pasture uncared for, as many horses do, there is no 
reason why they should not be as wild as the birds. The 
horse in his natural state is as wild as any of the undomesti- 
cated animals, though more easily gentled. 

We believe that the horse is governed by its animal in- 
stincts and nature, and 'that he has no rational conception of 
mind or thought. Yet we contend that he can be educated 
more easily than any animal known to civilization;, if taken 
in conformity with the laws of his nature. I will now give 
you the three fundamental principles of our theory, those 
principles being founded in the leading characteristics of the 
animal. First : That he is so constituted by nature that he 
will not offer resistance to any demand made of him which 
he fully compehends, if made consistent with the laws of his 



118 HORSE TAMING. 

strength beyoDd his experience, and can be handled accord- 
ing to our will, without force. Third : That we can in com- 
pliance with the laws of his nature — by which he examines 
all things — takeing objects, however frightful, around or on 
him, that does not inflict pain, without causing him to fear. 

To take these assertions in order : First, then, I will tell 
you why the horse is naturally obedient : 

The Horse, though possessed of sensitiveness to a greater 
degree than man, is deficient in reasoning powers ; has no 
knowledge of right or wrong, or will of his own independent 
of government, and knows of no imposition practiced upon 
him, however unreasonable those impositions may be, con- 
sequently he can come to no conclusion what he should or 
should not do, because he has not the reasoning powers of 
man to argue the justice of the thing demanded of him. If 
he had taken into consideration his superior strength, he 
would be useless to man as a servant. Give him knowledge 
in proportion to his strength, and he will demand of us the 
green fields as his inheritance, where will roam at will, deny- 
ing the right of servitude to all. But God has wisely formed 
his nature so that it can be acted upon by the knowledge of 
man, according to the dictates of his will, and he might well 
be termed the unconscious and submissive servant. Then we 
can but come to the conclusion that if the horse is not taken 
at variance with the laws of his nature, that he will do any- 
thing that he comprehends, without making an offer of re- 
sistance. 

Second : The fact of the horse being unconscious of the 
amount of his strength, can be proven to the satisfaction of 
any one who will take the trouble to observe him for a day. 

Third : That he will allow any object, however frightful, 
to come around or over him, that does not inflict pain. We 
know from a natural course of reasoning that there has never 
been an effect without a cause, and we argue from this that 



man's superiority. 119 

there can be no action, either animate or inanimate nature, 
without there first being a cause to produce it. And from 
this self-evident fact we know there is some cause for every 
impulse or movement of either mind or matter, and that law 
governs every action or movement of the animal kingdom. 

Then, according to this theory, there must be some caues 
before fear exists, and if fear exists from the effects of im- 
agination, and not from the infliction of pain, it can be re- 
moved by complying with the laws of his nature, by which 
he examines objects and decides upon their innocence or 
harm. 

I teach the theory that the horse is a teachable creature, 
and that his mind can be educated, and when fully and prop- 
erly taught, it is as durable as life, except the principles 
taught are forced from his mind by systematic mismanage- 
ment, and I believe the horse is much easier taught than 
man. We claim for our system a superiority over all others, 
for this reason : That all other general systems that have 
been introduced, have been both laborious and dangerous to 
man and beast, while our system is both safe and easy, from 
the fact of its being a natural one. I further contend and 
believe that our system of training the horse is the most 
perfect now known, and challenge the world to confute the 
principles on which it is based. 



Maus Superiority. 

Man is superior to the horse because of his intellectual 
resources, by which he can devise and adopt means to over- 
come the strength of the horse, or employ it against itself. 
The secret of training and managing horses lies in man's 
menial superiority. The wisdom of the Deity is infinite, 
and man must bow before it. Man becomes superior to 



120 KINDNESS AND HONESTY. 

ignorant horse only so far as he can manage find impress 
him with a 6ense of undoubted superiority. Recognizing 
the need of conforming to the laws of his nature, so as not 
to excite his resistance, do not let him comprehend it pos- 
sible to resist control. Seek in the second place to so dis- 
concert and control him, under all circumstances, as to im- 
press him most forcibly with man's power and absolute 
supremacy. 



Necessity of Kindness and Honesty. 

The first step in the accomplishment of this is attained by 
uniform actions of kindness in his or your management, 
thus winning his confidence, and he takes man exactly for 
what he proves himself by his actions, and doubts and fears 
only as taught by our actions towards him. learning as he 
does to associate with mans presence a feeling of protection 
and security. There can be no fear or doubt, because never 
taught to doubt by deception. Even among men the princi- 
ple is the same. That man who is always found truthful and 
who performs exactly what be promises to do, becomes a 
standard of public confidence and trust, but he who digresses 
or disregards truth and the principles of honor, becomes an 
object of suspicion to all who know him, so we are forced to 
believe that the horse becomes, in the character of his habits, 
what he is made, in exact proportion to the teaching and 
example to which he has been subjected. 



The Necessity of Intelligent Means. 

Prudence in conforming to the laws of the horse's nature, 
and winning his confidence by kindness, though indispensa- 



INTELLIGENT MEANS. 121 

ble, is only as the caution which guards against the force of 
a momentum If there is no ability to control, there would 
be no need of subduing the horse by force had there been 
no law of his nature violated. Since effects must be the re- 
sults of causes, every consequence requiring the genius of 
man to combatand control, must be the result of his own 
imprudence or ignorance. Harshness and the neglect of this 
necessary attention, will mainly be the causes of mischief and 
lead us to infer that the absence of such causes, with corres- 
ponding regard for the laws of kindness, is sufficient to win 
the bad horse to a forgetfulness of his power of resistance. 
The course of reasoning that teaches him man's ability to 
enforce his assumed supremacy, must also be demonstrated 
to his understanding, and man's ability to enforce absolute 
and uncondiiional submission under all circumstances of re- 
sistance. In fact, to disconcert and beat him on his own 
ground with the apparent ease and certainty of positive 
ability, without resorting to harsh means or inflicting pain, 
for as the aim of the physician is to subdue the force and ef- 
fect of the disease by using remedies the least aggravating in 
their action on the system, so the aim of the horsemen 
should be in enforcing the submission of the horse, to do it, 
as nearly as possible, on a moral basis. 



The Wild Colt. 

As the training of the horse must be based upon the ob- 
servance of those principles of his nature requiring the ex- 
ercise of his reason in everything forced upon his attention, 
and of conveying to his understanding most clearly what is 
required of him, it is advisable to commence our lessons on 
the management of horse's, by explaining how to proceed 
with the wild colt. First: Prepare your barn, or such place as 



122 THE WILD COLT. 

you design for you training room. Everything tending to 
annoy or excite your colt — hens, hogs or dogs — roust he 
driven out. Endeavor to be alone with your horse ; do not 
suffer the curious, who will he anxious to judge of your abil- 
ity, as they would term it, to crowd in. Guard against such 
a nuisance, if possible. And as such persons are usually 
slow to take a hint, be decisive in your wishes, observing 
that it is a positive condition of your intructions. Your ob- 
ject next is to get your colt into his place, which you must 
do as quietly as possible. You can accomplish this best by 
leading in and hitching in his view a broken horse. The 
colt will generally soon walk in of his own accord. But if 
he should not, do not be in a hurry to drive him in. Walk 
quietly around him and gradually give him less room by clos- 
ing in upon him. Be slow and careful, and he will not run 
or become frightened. Give him time to examine and look 
around, and in a short time he will walk in. When in, re- 
move the old horse as quickly as possible. 

How to Halter-Break a Colt. 

There are two ways of haltering, either of which will an- 
swer. We will give both ways, and the operator may adopt 
the one best suited to the case. The first is to approach and 
familiarize yourself to the colt, until he will let you approach 
readily, and handle him as you please, when the halter 
may be easily put on. The other method is to get the halter 
on before you have succeeded in gentling him much. In or- 
dinary cases, the first one will be the most practical. But if 
the colt is extremely wild and nervous, the latter is preferred, 
because a much quicker method, and does not excite. 

The Second Method. 

If your subject is extremely wild and nervous or yicious, 



TliE SKCONlt METHOD. 123 

the following method is much the best. First provide your- 
self with a light pole about ten feet long, cut a notch into 
one end with your pocket knife, and about seven inches 
from this end drive a nail in, the head bent a little towards 
the end having no notch. Next you want a good half inch 
«ea-grass or cotton cord, about fifteen or twenty feet long, 
ivith a slip noose in one end, and a knot in the rope, about 
rwenty inches from the noose end, with the noose so that it 
irill not draw so tight as to choke the colt down, but will 
illow the noose to draw tight enough to shut off his wind to 
,hat extent as to prevent him from making a very obstinate 
resistance. Now get a short breast strap, or a long hame 
itrap will do; this put into your pocket convenient to the 
right hand, for future use. Now approach the colt slowly 
ind carefully as before described, remembering that visitors 
tnust be excluded. If you are alone you can work faster 
md better than it is possible with company. When you 
succeed in approaching to within four or five feet of the 
withers, retreat slowly as before, and take your stick, pre- 
viously prepared, holding the notch end from you, swinging 
It very gently a little to the right and left in a horizontal po- 
sition. This is a new object of fear to the colt, and will be 
regarded with a good deal of suspicion. 

However, a little patience will soon enable you to get so 
near the colt that you can hold your stick gently over the 
back and withers. Then gradually lower it, moving gently 
as before, till the hair of the mane is gently touched; as this 
is borne let it drop a little lower until it rests upon the mane. 
Now commence scratching the mane with the stick, gently, 
but firmly. This will please the colt and cause him to stand 
still. While scratching with your stick in this way, slide 
your right hand slowly and cautiously along its surface until 
you get to the mane, when you scratch with the hand in place 
„of the stick. All this is proving to the colt that you will not 



124 THE SECOND METHOD. 

hurt him, in fact, you please, and hence he submits quietly. 
Now step back quietly to where your rope is, and take the 
noose and place it on your stick, letting it rest in the notch 
and on the nail, with the main part of the noose hanging 
below the stick, and large enough so as to be slipped over 
the head easily, while you keep the other end of the rope in 
the hand with the stick. Your halter or noose now hangs 
upon your stick, so spread that you can put it over the colts 
head without touching a hair. You approach the colt in 
the same cautious manner as before, until you bring it to the 
nose. This being a new object of fear to the colt, he will 
smell of it cautiously, while he is smelling it, you are gradual- 
ly raising it over his head, so gently, he does not feel or care 
about it, until you get it well back of the ears, then turn 
your stick, and your noose will drop on his neck. If he 
does oot start, take up the slack in your rope gently, at the 
same time approach his withers cautiously, and rub him 
gently if he will allow it. If he should endeavor to run 
away, keep hold of your rope. If he tries very hard to get 
away, he soon finds himself out of wind, caused by the pres- 
sure of the rope about the neck, consequently, he will offer 
but feeble resistance, and will very soon allow you to come 
up to him just as you please. Now you should use him 
gently. As soon as he will allow you to approach, loosen 
the noose from his neck, and by kind words and caresses, 
let him know you do not wish to hurt him. Keep ou 
gentling him till he will allow you to rub his neck, head 
and ears. Encourage him by feeding from your hand some- 
thing that he likes, when he submits so far as to let you 
handle his head and neck. 

Halter Breaking: — Continued. 

When your wild, yicious horse or colt is so far subdued, 



HALTER BREAKING. 125 

by the use of the crack of the whip, as previously set forth 
in the introduction of this work, and follows close by your 
side, the next stept is to teach him to lead by the process of 
the Spanish halter. This can be accomplished in ten minutes 
by the use of a cord, which should be continued in either 
case in getting the control of the horse. Now take the oth- 
er end of the rope and tie a round hard knot in the end and 
another sack knot about twenty or twenty-five inches from 
the end Then take the end of the cord in the left hand, and 
carry it under the neck to the opposite side, while you reach 
over with the right hand and take it and bring it over the 
top of the neck again. Now put the knot on the end of the 
cord, through the slack or loop, and securely draw it up as 
tight as possible. You have the cord now around the neck. 
Make a loop by drawing a doable from the slack rope, 
through under the rope around the neck. Make the loop 
long enough to slip into the colt's mouth, which can be done 
easily by gently insisting on his confidence. A green colt is 
not bad about taking anything in its mouth, if you use 
judgment, and do not frighten. Slip this loop well up above 
the bridle teeth, and place the lip well over the jaws under 
rope. Now draw up on your loop, and take the noose you 
first had about the neck off entirely. Then take hold of the 
end of the cord, you will find you have a means of power in 
your hands. And this we call a Spanish ^halter, and its val- 
ue in managing and training colts cannot be over estimated, 
when used with judgment and handled Avith adroitness and 
skill. It should never be used so harshly as to excite ex- 
treme pain, and yet with a touch that causes a fear of resist- 
ance. You now have your Spanish halter and can control 
the colt almost at will. If he should endeavor to run away 
from you, give him a quick, sharp jerk, at the same time say 
" ho, " and repeat as often as he may make the attempt to 
get away. When he stops, go up to him and caress and gen- 



126 HALTER BREAKING. 

tie him about the head and neck, when he gives up to the 
rope enough so that he does not try to get away, then pro- 
ceed to teach him to lead. With your rope in hand, step 
back to his side opposite his hips, and give him a sudden con- 
vulsive pull, at the same time say, " come here, sir. " Then 
let your cord hang loose. If he should prance and jump to 
the opposite side of you, give him another pull, repeating 
the word, " come here, " as before. Do not pull your cord 
thinking to drag him after you by steady pulling, but give 
him a few convulsive pulls. After which let your cord slack- 
en, by the word and the pull. He will swing around to- 
wards you, and if he only takes one step in the right direc- 
tion, let him know that was what you wanted. To make 
him understand that he has done right, go up to his head, 
speak kindly to him, call him a good boy, at the^same time 
petting and caressing with the hand. Then walkjaround on 
the opposite side and repeat, encourage him for every step ta- 
ken in the right direction, by caressing and kind words, and 
in a very short time he will come to you at the word, and 
follow you around like a pet dog. If he is willful and stub- 
born, handle him with a Spanish halter, until he will stand 
quietly. Then take your strap previously provided, in the 
right hand, holding it by the buckle now; commence^raising 
gently the fore leg next to you. If he resists your efforts, 
reprove him with the halter, and keep on caressing|Jand rub- 
bing the leg°till you can take the foot in your hand. Then slip 
the strap around below the fetlock, put the end through the 
loop on the inside of the buckle, draw it up tight, so it will 
not slip up, then pass the strap around the arm, from the in- 
side of the leg, and bring over to the outside and buckle — 
By putting him on three legs, he can offer but little resist- 
ance when pulled by the head sideways, and as he does not 
reason, will come around as readily with his legs free, as he 
will on three. Now step back on a line with the hips, hold- 



the colt's feet. 127 

ing the halter firmly, and say, " come here, sir. " He of 
course does not obey. So you pull on the halter and he is 
obliged to swing round to you. Now step to the other side 
and repeat. Bring him around by the halter each time, un- 
til when he hears the words, "come here," be- will obey 
readily. As soon as the colt submits to this, remove the strap 
from the leg and rub the part gently where strap has been. — 
Step back and sideways, as before, and say, "come here, 
sir, " If he does not come readily, give him a sharp pull 
with the rope, which shows him you can handle him as well 
on four legs as you can on three. If he moves a little to obey, 
caress him, and so continue until he will follow you readily. 
And by exercising him in that manner for ten or fifteen min- 
utes, he will very promptly step up to your side, no matter 
in what direction you may turn. Remove your cord, buckle 
on your halter, and you can lead him quietly just where you 
like. 



• To Handle the Colt's Feet. 

I consider it the duty of every one that raises a colt, to 
prepare it for the smith before he takes it to the shop to get 
it shod, or pay the smith or some other competent person, 
the purchase price of this book, for the valuable instructions 
to be obtained from it, for many valuable colts have been 
made almost worthless through this neglect, and there are 
few horses that may not be gradualiy rendered manageable 
for this purpose. By firm management he will soon learn 
that no harm is meant, and they will not forget their usual 
habit of obedience ; but if the remembrance of corporal 

Eunishment is connected with shoeing, they will be moi-e or 
;ss fidgety, and sometimes very dangerous both to man and 
beast. I wish that it was a law in every smith's shop that 



128 GUIDE FOR SHOEING SMITH. 

no man should be permitted to strike a horse, ranch less to 
twitch or gag him, with or without the owners consent. A 
yonng horse should never be struck or twitched. The plan 
that I adopt to handle the feet is very simple, and not less 
effectual. By, adopting this plan, your colt can, in a few 
moments, be taught to stand perfectly still to be shod. Afte r 
submitting sufficiently to lead well, caress and rub him o n 
the withers, as at first, and as soon as he will bear it, work 
down the shoulder and leg; then lift lightly on the foot; if 
it is submitted, rub it quickly and smoothly a few seconds, 
then take it down and put it up again, and so continue un- 
til you can handle the foot as you please. 

Should he however resist and jerk his foot away from you, 
you must resort to means to make him understand that re- 
sistance is out of the question. 



Guide for the Shoeing Smith. 

In tampering with the colt, you should have your Spanish 
halter on, as before described. Now take the long rope that 
you hold in your hand, put it around over the front teeth of 
the upper jaw and under the lip, carry it around over the top 
of the head, bringing the end down through the halter loop 
on the under jaw ; now take the end of the rope in your left 
hand, and proceed as before to handle his legs and teet. If 
he stands quietly, use him gently ; but if he should resist,- 
correct him with your rope or cord, by which you can inflict 
so severe a punishment that he will submit unconditionally 
in a very short time, and allow you to handle his legs just as 
you choose. Persevere until you can hold the foot in your 
hand, moving it gently in the same way Then let it down 
and gently caress the leg until he gets over the fear inspired 
by the use of the cord under the lip, and by its use you can 



SHOEING VICIOUS HOUSES. 129 

shoe the worst of the kind without further trouble. In at- 
tempting to raise the foot, if the horse should rear or attempt 
to kick, let go the foot and give him a sudden pull with the 
cord, then pat him on the neck, saying, " Ho, boy ;" then 
hold the cord in your hand, and with the right pick up his 
foot, if he does not stand quiet, put his foot down, and give 
him two or three sudden pulls with the cord. Handle him 
in that manner ten minutes and he will not dare to move. If 
more thorough treatment is necessary for confirmed kicking, 
vicious horses, it is given under the second head of 



Vicious, Kicking Horses, Bad to Shoe. 

This habit of resistance to being shod or allowing the feet 
to be handled, is very dangerous both to the smith and horse. 
If the feet had been handled gently at first, and blacksmiths 
had not vented so much of their vexation in tue way of 
pounding with the hammer and raspe for every little move- 
ment of resistance in shoeing, this habit would never have 
been contracted. I care not how vicious a horse may be 
when shoeing him, I think I can make the worst of the kind 
stand still in ten to twenty minutes, so that the smith will 
have no further trouble. To shoe a horse that is vicious, 
put on your Spanish halter, and strap the leg as before de- 
scribed, and chastise with the Spauish halter for five minutes, 
when he gives up getting his leg free ; go up to his head, 
speak kindly to him, patting and caressing him with the hand. 
Then let his foot down, and so continue with each leg, strap- 
jng it up, till he allows you to hold the foot in your hand as 
you please. If the operator prefers the following method, 
he may adopt it. for it is more fully convincing. 

With your Spanish halter on your horse, as before describd, 
take a strong strap or a smooth rope twelve or fifteeivfeeb 



130 SHOEING VICIOUS HORSES. 

long, and tie one end of it in a loop around his neck where 
the collar rests, pass the other end back between the fore leg, 
work it well back to the shoulder. You are new standing at 
the left side of the horse, do not be in a hurry, work handy 
and carefully, be very uniform in your words and acts. Now 
take the other end of your strap or rope and bring it through 
to the left side, lay it over his back ; with you right hand 
under his chest, you can draw it through again to the left 
side; place the end up into the loop around the neck, you 
will now find your strap crosses just back of the left fore 
arm ; gently raise the left foot, and lay it into the strap or 
rope that comes between the legs, the outside strap is wound 
around the ankle. Now take the end that is passed through 
the loop around the neck in your right hand, your left holding 
the horse by the head ; you will see that you have the foot 
with no possible chance to injure himself in the least, as the 
whole strain comes over the back and around the neck ; let 
him stand with the foot up until he attempts to free the foot, 
but if you hold him firm, he will soon find it useless, and 
give up and yield his foot to you ; the moment that he yields 
and not till then release him. You have now fully convinced 
him that you are not going to hurt him, and that he cannot 
get his foot from you, you will have no more trouble with 
that foot. Now try the right foot in the same manner, 
handle each one thoroughly ; remember that it is just as 
necessary to handle the fore feet as the hind ones, for a 
horse that is vicious to shoe forward is more dangerous than 
one that is bad behind, now handle the hind feet. Have the 
strap around the neck and between the fore legs, as before, 
and carry it back through the hind legs, around the near 
hind leg below the fetlock, and bring forward through the 
loop around the neck. Now step in front of the horse and 
take a firm hold of the rope or strap, and give a quick pull 
upon it, which will bring the foot forward. If the horse is 



THOROUGH TRAINING. 131 

bad pull the foot up and as far forward as you cau, which 
will give you the more advantage. The horse will try to 
free the foot by kicking probably. Hold the head firmly 
with the left hand, and with the other hold the strap firmly. 
Stand right up to the horse's shoulder and whirl him about 
you, which you can easily do while he struggles to free him- 
self. As soon as he yields, handle the foot gently, and then 
let up on it a little, and so continue until he will let you 
handle the foot without resistance. It may be necessary to 
repeat the lesson once or twice, and be careful to handle the 
foot with the greatest gentleness By adopting this plan, 
your horse can be taught to stand perfectly still to be shod. 
Smiths in many places have said they would not be deprived 
of the use of this plan for one hundred dollars, and it will 
save much time and many accidents to the horse and the 
operator. 

Necessity of Thorough Training. 

The horse's confidence and rebellion being usually the 
result of long experience in successful resistance, his subju- 
gation must be made convincing by repeated proofs of being 
over-matched, and that resistance is useless. For since his 
wilfulness and rebellion is based upon the limited reasoning 
of his experience, he must be thoroughly convinced by ex- 
perience that unconditional submission is the only alternative, 
and this you cannot prove to the understanding of the horse 
without repeating your lessons until he submits uncondition- 
ally. But as nursing and care is to the patient over the force 
of disease, so in the subjugating of the horse, his submission 
should be encournged and rewarded by kindness and caress- 
ing. That master is supreme in his control, and submission 
to his commands becomes a pleasure, who has the power to 
enforce his will, but who exercises it with the sweetening 



132 THOROUGH TRAWIKG. 

encouragement of love While force is necessary, and you 
have the means of making your horse almost a plaything in 
your hands, let the silken cords of love be the cement that 
fixes and secures his submission to your will. It is admitted 
that a good natured, clever man can teach a horse almost 
anything ; and it has become a proverb, that kindness will 
lead an elephant by a hair. So the horse should be treated 
with kindness and consideration. His spirit should be curbed 
and directed, but not subdued. Man has the right of con- 
trol, restraint, correction, and even destruction of life, but 
we must bear the consequences of those violations of the 
laws of his nature to which he is thereby subjected. Show 
your horse exactly what you want him to do, and endeavor 
to use the patience and reason in controlling him you would 
at least believe necessary for yourself to understand if placed 
in like circumstances. Ignorant of the language and inten- 
tions of a teacher, who even preserved his patience and re- 
frained from abuse, what progress would you make as a 
pupil, gifted as you are now with all your intelligence? If 
possible, enoble and elevate your feelings by retrieving your 
responsibility to yourself, to community, and to the noble 
animal committed to your charge. Make your horse a friend 
by kindness and good treatment. Be a kind master and not 
a tyrant, and make your horse a willing servant and a slave. 



IVecessity of Familiarizing to Objects of Fear. 

As we are taught there are no effects without causes, and 
as the horse becomes fearless and confident so far as he un- 
derstands there is no cause for fear, we should remove the 
cause of mischief as much as possible, by complying with 
those laws of his nature by which he examines objects, or 
determines upon their innocence or harm, and this is the 



OBJECTS OF FEAR. 133 

more necessary in his early training, since first impressions 
are strong in the horse, and once learning suspicion, prese- 
veres tenaciously to apprehension of clanger when once 
excited. Whatever the horse understands to be harmless, he 
does not fear ; consequently great attention should be given 
to making him examine and smell of such as would be likely 
to frighten him in after life. A horse will never become 
satisfied in regard to an object that startles or frightens him 
by looking at it, but if you will let him approach it slowly 
and examine it in his own way by smelling it and touching it 
with his nose, he will very soon become satisfied it is not 
going to injure him, he will care no more about it, and will 
never after frighten at it, however frightful it may be in 
appearance. 

To Make a Colt Follow under the Whip. 

After he comes around to you readily by pulling a little on 
the halter, and follows freely, take you whip in the right 
hand, pull upon the halter a little, saying •' come here," at 
the same time tap lightly with the whip over the hips. He 
will yield to you mainly because you have taught him to 
yield to a slight pull upon the head, aud to come to you at 
this signal, and because he wishes to pet away from the touch 
of the whip behind. As soon as he comes to you, caress 
him and feed him something that he likes from your hand. 
Repeat this until he comes to you as readily by tapping with 
the whip as he did at first by. the halter. Now, instead of 
hitting with the whip, commence by snapping it behind him. 
If he comes caress and encourage him as before, and so re- 
peat at each time, increasing the distance from him until he 
will follow or come to you readily by cracking the whip. 
We give this method because it is simple, and in our judg- 
ment practical to most any one, and will bring the desired 



134 BITTING THE COLT. 

result in a short time ; indeed so well as to make your horse 
follow you around the streets without halter or bridle, by the 
motion of the whip. 



To Teach the Colt to Back. 

Put on the Spanish halter, stand directly in front of your 
horse, having hold of the cord about twenty inches from the 
head with your left hand, resting your right on the cord six 
or seven inches from the head. You now say " back sir." 
Your horse does not know anything about what you want, 
of course, and does not obey. Immediately after saying 
back, press down and back with your right hand sharply on 
the cord, which will set the head back with a jerk. Do not 
expect your colt to back without a struggle of resistance. 
Repeat this four or five times, being careful not to get ex- 
cited. As a rule the colt will not go back with one lesson, 
probably not with the second, but will be sure to do so at 
the third lesson. The more intelligent and spirited the colt, 
the sooner he will submit, and the more ready his obedience. 
The duller and slower your subject the more patient and 
persevering must be your efforts. It is now time to com- 
mence bitting your colt. 



Bitting the Colt. 

Some people seem to have strange notions. It would 
seem as if the style and position of the head depended en- 
tirely upon the attention given to bitting. The object of 
bitting, it should be borne in mind, is to teach the horse fc to 
obey the rein, and at the same time, habituate the horse to 
give the head and neck as high an elevation as the form and 



THE BITTING BKIDLK. 185 

temper ot the animal will bear. But while it is admitted 
that careful attention to bitting will improve the style and 
bearing of the horse, it should not be forgotten that the 
position in which the horse carries his head in harness will 
depend almost entirely upon his form and temper. No art 
can give the horse with a low, perpendicular shoulder and 
short neck, a fine style of carrying his head and neck, even 
if he possesses good courage and spirit. The common 
practice of straining the head and neck into an unnatural 
position, and keeping it so for hours, as is practised generally 
in bitting, is often a cause of injury. When the head is 
strained up into an unnatural position, and kept there for a 
long time, the colt will learn to relieve the pain and weari- 
ness he feels by resting the entire w T eight of his head upon 
the bit, and which teaches him to lay upon the bit, and causes 
the mouth to become insensible to pressure. 

We will explain what we regard as an improved method 
of bitting, which teaches the horse exactly what you require 
and does not injure the mouth in the least, and by which you 
can bit a horse well in about one hour, by limiting your 
lessons to five minutes and repeating until the head is ren- 
dered freely and readily to the purpose of the rein, seldom 
requiring more than six or eight lessons of five minutes each. 



How to Make a Bitting Bridle. 

Take your Spanish halter, made exactly as before described, 
with the exception of the loop that goes around the neck. 
They should be made large enough to fit over the neck 
rather tightly where the collar is worn. Now bring your 
cord through the mouth from the ofi' side, and bring back 
on the near side through the loop around the neck; pull on 
the cord, and the head will be drawn back to the breast. 



186 THE BITTING BRIDLE. 

You are now prepared to bit. Simply pull upon the cord a 
little, which will draw the head back slightly ; after holding 
for a short time, render loose ; then draw a little tighter, and 
so repeat for four or five minutes, then stop bitting, and re- 
peat at some future time. 

The great secret, not only in bitting, but of training the 
young horse in any manner, is in not confusing or exciting 
him to resistance by training too long. When your colt 
yields readily to the bit, you can check the head to suit. 
Making the check rein rather tight causes the head to be 
carried high, while the delicacy given the mouth will prevent 
the nose being thrown forward. This method of bitting 
may be regarded with little favor by those not understanding 
its effects. But all we have further to say on the subject is 
give it a fair trial ; teach your colt to be perfectly submissive 
to your handling in every manner, to lead well, back freely 
at the word, you are now ready for the next step in his 
training, which is usually driving in harness or 



How to Saddle a Colt. 

Any one man who has this theory can put a^saddle on the 
wildest colt that ever grew without any help, and without 
searing him. The first thing will be to tie each stirrup strap 
into a loose knot to make them short, and prevent the stirups 
from flying about and hitting him. Then double up the 
skirts and take the saddle under your right arm, so as not to 
frighten him when you approach. When you get to him 
rub him gently a few times with your hand, and then raise 
tha saddle very slowly until he can see it, and smell it with 
his nose. Then let the skirts loose, and rub very gently 
against his neck the way his hair lays, letting him hear the 
rattle of the skirts as he feels them against him, each time 



SADDLING THE COLT. 137 

getting a little farther backwards, and finally slip it over his 
shoulders on his back. Shake n a little with your hand, and 
in less than five minutes you can rattle it over his back as 
much as you please, and pu'l it off and throw it on again 
without his paying much attention to it. 

As soon as you have accustomed him to the saddle, fasten the 
girth, but be careful how you do this. It often frightens a 
colt when he feels the girth binding him, and making the 
saddle fit tight on him. You should bring up the girth 
very gently, and not draw it too tight at first, just enough to 
hold the saddle on, move him a little, and then girth it up as 
you please and he will not mind it. 

You should see that the pad of your saddle is all right 
before you put it on, and that there is nothing to hurt him, 
or feel unpleasant to his back. It should not have any loose 
sti-aps on the back part of it to flap abogt and scare him, 
After you have saddled him in this way, take a switch in 
your right hand to tap him up with, and walk about in the 
stable a few times with you right hand on the saddle, taking 
hold of the rein on each side of his neck with your right 
and left hands Thus marching him about in the stable will 
you learn him the use of the bridle, and can turn him about 
in every direction, and stop him by a gentle pull. Always 
caress and loosen the reins a little every time you stop him. 
You should always be alone, and have your colt in some tight 
stable or shed the first time you ride him. The loft should 
be high, so that you can sit on his back without endangering 
your head. You can learn him more in two hours time in a 
stable of this kind, than you could in two weeks in the com- 
mon way of breaking colt, out in an open place. If you 
follow my course of treatment, you need not run any risk, 
or have any trouble in riding the worst kind of a horse. You 
take a step at a time, until you get up a mutual confidence 
and trust between yourself and horse. First learn him to 



8 SADDLING THE COLT. 

lead and stand hitched ; next acquaint him with the saddle, 
and the use of the bit ; and then all that remains is to get 
on hira without scareing him, and you can ride him as well 
as any horse. First gentle him well on both sides about the 
saddle, and all over until he will stand without holding, and 
be not afraid to see you anywhere about him. 

As soon as you have him thus gentled, get a small block 
about one foot or eighteen inches in height, and set it down 
by the side of him, about where you want to stand to mount 
him. Step up on this, raising yourself very gently, horses 
notice every change of position very closely, and if you were 
to step up suddenly on the block, it would be very apt to 
scare him ; but by raising yourself gradually on it, he will 
see you, without being frightened, in a position veiy near 
the same as when you were on his back. As soon as he will 
bear this without alarm, untie the stirrup strap next to you, 
and put your left foot into the stirrup, and stand square over 
it, holding your knee against the horse, and your toe out so 
as not to touch him under the shoulder with the toe of your 
boot. Place your right hand on the front of the saddle and 
on the opposite side of you, taking hold of a portion of the 
mane and the reins, as they then hang loosely over his neck, 
with your left hand. Then gradually bear your weight on 
the stirrup and on your right hand, until the horse feels the 
whole weight upon the saddle. Repeat this several times 
each time raising yourself a little higher from the block, 
until he will allow you to raise your leg over his croop, and 
place yourself in the saddle. There are three great advan- 
tages in having a block to mount from First, a sudden 
change of position is very apt to frighten a young horse 
that has never been handled ; he will allow you to walk up 
to him, and stand by his side, without scareing at you, be- 
cause you have gentled him to that position, but if you get 
down on your hands and knees and crawl towards him, he 



SADDLING THE COLT. 139 

will be very much frightened. And upon the same principle 
he would frighten at your new position if you had the power 
to hold yourself over his back without touching him. Then 
the first great advantage of the block, is to gradually gentle 
him to that new position in which lie will see you when you 
ride Mm. Secondly, by the process of leaning your weight 
in the stirrups, and on your hand, you can gradually accus- 
tom him to your weight, so as not to frighten him by having 
him feel it all at once And in the third place the block 
elevates you so that you will not have to make a spring in 
order to get on the horse's back, but from it you can grad- 
ually rnise yourself into the saddle. When you take these 
precautions, there is no horse so wild but that you can monnt 
him without making him jump I ha\e tried it on the worst 
horses that could be found, and have never failed in any 
case. When mounting, your horse should always stand 
without being held. A horse is never well broke when he 
hns to be held with a tight rein when mounting, and a colt 
is never so safe to mount, as when you see that assurance of 
confidence and absence of fear, which causes him to stand 
without holding. 

How to Ride the Colt. 

When you want to start do not touch him on the side with 
your heel, or do anything to frighten him to make him jump, 
but speak to him kindly, and if he does not start, pull him a 
little to the left until he starts, and then let him walk off 
slowly with the reins loose. Walk him around in the stable 
a few times, until he gets used to the bit, and you can turn 
him about in every direction, and stop him as yon please. It 
would be well to get on and ofi a good many times, until he 
gets perfeclly used to it before you take him out of the stable. 
After you have trained him in this way, which should not 



140 RIDING THE COLT. 

take move than one or two hours, you can ride hira anywhere 
you choose, without ever having him jump or make any 
effort tu throw you. 

When you first take him out of the stable, be very gentle 
with him, as he will feel a little more at liberty to jump or 
ruu, and be a little easier frightened than he was in the stable. 
But after handling him so much in the stable, he will be 
pi'etty well broke, and you will be abie to manage him with- 
out trouble or danger. When you first mount him, take a 
little the shortest hold on the left rein, so that if anything 
frightens him you can prevent him jumping from you by 
pulling his head around to you. This operation of pulling a 
horse's head around against his side, will prevent any horse 
from jumping ahead, rearing up or running away. If he is 
stuborn and will not go, you can make him move by pulling 
his head around to one side, when whipping would have no 
effect ; and turning him around a few times will make him 
dizzy, and then by letting him have his head straight, and 
giving him a little touch with the whip behind, he will go 
along without any trouble. 

Never use martingales on a colt when you first ride him. 
Every movement of the hand should go right to the bit in 
the direction in which it is applied to the reins. Without a 
martingale to change the direction of the force applied, you 
can guide the colt much better without them. Besides 
martingales would prevent you from pulling his head around 
if he should try to jump. After your colt has been rode 
until he is gentle and well accustomed to the bit, you may 
find it an advantage, if he carries his head too high, or his 
nose too far out, to put martingales on him You should be 
careful not to ride your colt so far at first as to heat, worry 
or tire him. Get off as soon as you see that he is a 
little fatigued, gentle him and let him rest. This will make 



TRAINING TO HARNESS. 141 

him kind to you and prevent him from getting stubborn or 
mad. 

Training to Harness. 

Put on your harness carefully, which should be made to fit 
well, and great care should be used in having it safe and 
strong in every respect. Do not be tempted to drive your 
colt in an old, rotten harness, or hitch to an old, rotten, 
rattling wagon, as such are liable to give way at any time. 
Many of the accidents causing horses to become subject to 
bad habits, are the results of such imprudence. Let every 
step be made sure. Work safe, and you are sure to bring 
about a good result. With your harness on, allow him to 
stand in his stall until he becomes somewhat used to the 
pressure and presence of the different parts, and will allow 
you to rattle them about without his careing for them. Now 
lead him around for a short time, and as soon as he appears 
quiet, check him up loosely, and take down the reins, and 
when familiar with the harness, check and reins, and will 
stop and start the word, and drive around to the right or left, 
you can drive him about the streets with safety. Though in 
making this step you had better have your Spanish halter on 
or a pair of them for each end of your cord, for safety. You 
should then drive to sulky. We prefer a sulky at first. Let 
your colt see and examine every part of the sulky, until he 
cares nothing about it. Then draw it up behind him, rattling 
and running it back and forth a few times; then attach the 
harness. Before starting him, back him up against the cross 
bar of the shafles. If he should get frightened, speak to 
him calmly but firmly, at the same time holding your reins 
firmly, so as to prevent him from swinging around if be 
should try. Then go to him, and rub and caress him until 
he gets over his excitement ; then run the sulky up against 



14^ OBJECTS OF KEAR. 

his haunches, at the same time soothing him by gentle words 
until you can shove the sulky against him just as you please, 
and he not care anything about it. Now you can get into 
your seat, and drive him around wherever you choose with- 
out danger. Let him go slow at first until he gets familiar- 
ized with the objects that are new to him along the road, as 
he is not so liable to become frightened while going slow as 
when fast driven. 

Objects >f Fear. 

In driving, be careful not to use the whip too freely. If 
a stone, or a stump, or anything of the kind, should be re- 
garded with fear by the colt, do not whip and drive the 
horse by, but let him stand a short time and look at the ob- 
ject until he seems earless about it ; then push a little closer, 
and so repeat, at the same time talking to him encouraging- 
ly, until you can drive him up to the object. Be very sure to 
have your colt comprehend fully that such objects are harm- 
less, as opportunity offers in this way, and he will soon be- 
come so fearless and confident, as to be regardless of such 
things. But if you whip him for becoming frightened at 
such things, he will associate the punishment with the object 
of his fright, and be more frightened the next time he sees 
it. The horse being unable to reason only from his experi- 
ence, you should convince him by careful examination that 
the object is harmless. For example, if the sight or smell 
of a robe a few feet distant should frighten him, put on your 
Spanish halter, and take him alone into your training yard 
or barn, lead him gently to the robe, let him smelt of it if he 
will, then take it in your hands, hold it gently to his nose, 
then rub it against his neck, side, and over his back, and so 
repeat for a short time, and he will become so regardless of 
it in a short time, after being familiarized to it in this way, 



DRIVING. 143 

that you can throw it over his back, or tie it to his tail, with- 
out causing him the least fear. To familiarize a colt to a 
drum, the same principle is to be observed. Let him touch 
it with his nose, then rub it against his neck and side, then 
place it on his back, now tap it gently with your fingers, 
gradually increasing as he will bear it, and in a short time 
you can play upon it quite smartly, even while resting on 
Ins back, and he will care nothing about it. The same with 
the umbrella. Let him touch it with his nose first while 
closed, then rub it over his head neck and body, then com- 
mence at the head again, open the umbrella a little right under 
his nose, and thus accustom him to it until you can hold it, 
fully spread, over his head, and over and about him in any 
manner ; and in a short time he will not mind it. Teach him 
that a newspaper, though it is white and rustles, is harmless, 
by rubbing him with it, throwing it upon him like a blanket, 
dragging it about on the ground, and riding him about with 
it in your hand. 

To aecustom your horse to the cars, lead him to the depot 
and have him see them at rest, and examine them carefully, 
even to smelling and touching with his nose. Then allow 
him to see them move, as you have an opportunity. When 
you undertake to familiarize a colt or a horse to anything 
that frightens him, be sure and repeat your lessons until he 
cares nothing about the object ; if you do not, the experi- 
ment will be little advantage to your horse, in fact, it may 
render him worse. 

Driving. 

When your horse drives well before a sulky, then you 
may hitch him to light wagon, or by the side of a broke 
horse, and if you are breaking him for a farm or for hauling 
heavy loads, you can gradually increase his ioad until he will 



144 DRIVING. 

draw to the extent of his ability without comprehending 
that he has the power to do otherwise. After your horse is 
sufficiently broke to the harness, you can rather allow him to 
carry his head as nature may dictate, or by the proper use 
of the check rein, bring his head and neck into such position 
of style as his form and and temper will bear, or your fancy 
dictate. In teaching the horse to drive well, do not be in a 
hurry to see how fast he can trot. Although your colt may 
be old enough to learn how to move well, and perhaps drive 
as gently as an older horse, he is not old enough to perform 
the work of an older horse fully matured. As he develops 
in strength and hardens in his gait, care should be taken to 
keep each pace clear and distinct from each other. While 
walking he should be made to walk, and not allowed to trot ; 
while trotting as in walking, care should be taken that he 
keeps steadily at his pace, and not allowed to slack into a 
walk. When occassionally pushed to his extreme speed in 
the trot, he should be kept up to it only for a few minutes at 
a time, gradually requiring more as he becomes practised 
and capable of endurance ; and whenever he has done well 
he should be permitted to walk a short time, and encouraged 
by a kind word. Under no circumstances should what is 
termed " his bottom " be tried and overdone The reins 
in driving should be kept snug, and when pushing him to 
the top of his speed, keep him well in hand, that he may 
learn to bear well en the bit, as it is by means of the reins 
mainly, that the horse when going at a high rate of speed is 
kept steady in his place. But while you should teach your 
horse to drive well on the bit, be careful not to give him the 
habit of pulling too hard ; for then he becomes not only un- 
pleasant, but difficult to manage. The art of driving well 
cannot be taught by any written instructions. Practice and 
ingenuity in this respect, can alone make a skillful horsemen. 
Always strive to encourage, not drive your horse, and be 



TRAINING THE HORSE 1^5 

careful not to whip only for merited reproff. The too fre- 
quent use of the whip will cause the horse to plunge ahead 
every time he sees any unusual movement of it, or at any 
mishap that may occur. 



To Train a Horse to Stand when Getting into a Car- 
riage. 

There are many horses that are very gentle after starting, 
but will not stand for you to get into the carriage. Such 
will sometimes rear up and start very suddenly, or stopped, 
become obstinate and stubborn, and refuse to go if when re- 
quired. This habit is usually brought about by the mis- 
management of thoughtless or ignoiant drivers, in being 
hasty and harsh to a horse naturally ambitious, but sensitive 
and impulsive. The naturally intelligent and tractable colt 
is taken from the field and harnessed up without attention or 
regard to consequence. If he goes off gently, he is regarded 
as mild and gentle; but if he is restless, and "does not go 
when required, he is whipped, kicked and abused. The colt 
does not know what he is whipped for, and the result is ho 
becomes stubborn or mad ; if he goes, it is with a reckless, 
rearing plunge, or he settles back and refuses to move. Such 
a horse learns either good or bad habits very readily, and is 
either very good and obedient, if well managed, or willful 
and stuborn to the last degree, if to the contrary. The first 
step in the management of such a horse, if a bad one, is to 
show him that his willfulness must yield, to superior power. 
This you can best do by managing him as follows : Tie the 
hair of his tail together into a hard knot, then take the halter 
strap in your left hand, holding the tail in your right ; pass 
the halter strap through the hair above the knot, and draw up 
as short as the horse will allow without running around, 



146 TRAINING THE HOUSE. 

tying quickly. This Avill bring the horse in the shape of a 
half circle, his head fast to his tail by the halter strap. Your 
object is to break up his confidence in himself most thorough- 
ly, and this is the most harmless, yet most powerful, of all 
means known, to disconcert a horse on so practical a basis. 
No horse can long bear up against the depressing influence 
of whirling, in connection with the proper use of the Span- 
ish halter. The nearer the head is tied to the tail the betrer, 
for the quicker and shorter the horse will turn, and the bet- 
ter the effect. Should he not run around very freely, touch 
him behind with the whip, which will cause him to move 
sharply. Simply keep him moving till he falls down by be- 
coming dizzy, which he will do in from one to two minutes. 
After lying a short time, untie the halter, when he will get 
np rather shaken in confidence. But one lesson is not suffi- 
cient if a bad case. Tie the head in an opposite direction, 
and r put him through until he foils, or is unable to move. 
By this time a " plucky " horse may become so warm by 
his exertions and a struggles that he is not in a condition to 
tianclle to advantage. If not to warm, however, put on your 
Spanish halter, and give him a few sharp turns to show him 
that you can handle him as well by the head as you can by 
whirling. When he follows and submits in this way freely, 
put him in his stall, caressing and talking to him gently, so 
as to let him understand obedience is all you require, and 
that you are his friend. 

The great secret of subduing the horse is to handle him in 
such a manner as to impress him most powerfully with your 
supremacy, without causing pain or excitement. This you 
can accomplish best by making your lessons short, and re- 
peating after the horse has time to reflect. A man does not 
like to match himself against an adversary who has handled 
him roughly, and with apparent ease of superior strength and 
ability, after his mind becomes cool and the ascendancy of 



TRAINING THE HORSE. 147 

reason prevails; and so with the horse. If possible,. do not 
continue his training while excited, and you will be sur- 
prised to find how soon he will yield submissive. When 
you repeat, let it be with the halter only. When you find 
your horse will yield a ready obedience out of harness, then 
put on your harness aud hitch to carriage. When hitched, 
go to the head of the horse, pat and rub him on the head 
:ind neck, oblige him to stand, for he will not run over you ; 
then walk ahead slowly, stopping occassionally to caress and 
encourrge him, and in a short time you will find your horse 
will stand quietly for you to get into the buggy. For a few 
times after hitching, do not attempt to get into t!ie buggy 
immediately before starting. Walk ahead, ask him to fol- 
low a short distance, and if he shows a desire to crowd on 
you too fast, set him back with the Spanish halter. We 
have broken very bad horses of this stamp in four or five 
lessons by the halter alone ; but the above method is more 
thorough- Always move you horse slow for some distance 
after hitching, and be very careful about using the weip at 
such times. 

Balky Horses, 

This habit is more perplexing to endure than any other 
the horsemen has to overcome. The balky horse is usually 
high spirited, fierce in temperment, quick to comprehend, 
and sensitive to causes of excitement. Kindness, good man- 
agement and patience would at first have won him to a for- 
getfulness of the habit, but as an open and confirmed rebel, 
defying the powers of man to enforce submission, requires 
more than the patience incident to human nature to over- 
come. The balky horse is simply willful, and in breaking 
up the habit, the object would be to convince him clearly 
without resorting to abuse or harshness, of your ability to 



148 BALKY HOUSES. 

enforce submission. We would here suggest that " an ounce 
of preventation is worth a pound of cure." in this as in 
all other bad habits to which the horse is subject. Bad man- 
agement is alone the cause of horses learning to balk. When 
the young horse balks in harness, it is not from any unwill- 
ingness to go, but from some confusion or excitement arising 
from mismanagement, He is willing and anxious to go, 
perhaps, but too fast or too high spirited to make the steady 
push against the collar, necessary to move the load. Because 
he will not pull under such circumstances, he receives the 
curses and lash of the driver, which not only makes him 
mad, but discourages him and he refuses to go. If your 
horse become? confused and refuses to go ahead, do not, by 
any means, get mad and resort to the use of the whip the 
first thing ; for in such a case, ninety-nine times in a hundred 
the use of the whip will only strengthen the tendency to 
resistance into open rebellion, which is just what you do not 
want. As a general rule, a little patience and a few encour- 
aging words, will cause your horse to move on. But if your 
horse shows a decided tendency to resistance, get out and 
examine the harness carefully ; sometimes the collar is too 
large and hurts the shoulders, or perhaps the load is heavy, 
and you have forced your horse to draw until completely 
exhausted, and simply needs time to breathe before renewing 
the exertion - Consider the circumstances : Your horse can- 
not talk and tell you the cause of the difficulty. Go to his 
head, and talk to him gently, and rub him a little. After 
rubbing the head and neck, for a horse of this kind must be 
fiatterde and coaxed, as you would find it necessary to do 
with a stubborn child. All he needs is a little time, and the 
fit will exhaust itself, and you will have no bad impression in 
making a starting point for this habit. Gently move the 
horses head to the right and left to show him that he can 
move the load. After moving once or twice in this way, ho 



KICKING IN HARNESS. 149 

will generally start and move on. After your subject moves 
well and safely, gradually teach him to draw steadily. 



Kicking: in Harness. 

Kicking may justly be regarded as a bad habit, because of 
the danger incident to the use of such horses. It is well to 
remember that this habit is in most cases the results of care- 
lessness or mismanagement. Proper attention is not given 
to the fitting of the harness, the straps dangle about the 
flanks of the colt, unacquainted with their nature, which 
frightens and causes him to kick, or what is more common, 
an old harness is used and breaks at some unlucky moment, 
which frightens the colt, and he kicks as a means of self-de- 
fense, when his feet and legs coming in contact with the 
whiffltree or cross piece, causes him greater fright, and he 
becomes reckless, springs ahead in a frantic endeavor to free 
himself from his tormentor, nntil he tears himself loose, or is 
stopped after being worried out with fright and exertion. 
Learning fear and resistance in this way, he becomes alarmed 
at the least indication of its repetition. This fear must be 
broken by familiarizing the horse with the causes of fear, at 
a time when he is powerless to resist. And when he finds 
there is no danger of harm, he will Cease resistance. In the 
majority of cases this habit is broken by our means of control. 

To break the kicking, vicious horse, you want to put him 
through a regular course of handling that will convince him 
of your ability to manage him just as you please, while at the 
same time you demonstrate to his understanding that he 
candot help himself, and must submit unconditionally to 
your control in the first place, then give him a turn with the 
Spanish halter, inakiug him stop at the word whoa, and come 
to you at the word- When he submits to that, proceed still 



150 KICKING IN HARNESS, 

fureher in convincing him of your power and mastery by 
throwing him down. To do this, fasten up the fore leg as 
described in " handling the feet." Now put a strong sur- 
cinge, with a ring slipped on it, around the animal, and slip 
the ring to the right side of the horse, near the back bone ; 
draw the end of your cord or Spanish halter through the 
ring, bringing it over to the near side of the animal i take 
the halter out of the mouth, thus leaving a plain loop around 
the horse's neck ; then take hold of your cord with the left 
hand and straighten it out; now you have a plain double 
from the neck of the horse around to the ring on the right 
side; you put this into the horse's mouth and draw up the 
end of the cord with the right hand. Now you have him 
complotly in your power, you can handle him as easily as a 
boy would a top Now step back by his side with the cord 
grasped firmly in your hand, saying " lie down, sir," at the 
same time pulling steadily on the rope. His foot being 
fastened up he is easily thrown off his balance. He will 
gradually settle down on the knee of the near leg, when 
a quick pull will bring him over on his side. Now you have 
him down, use him gently, rub his head and neck, talk to 
him kindly, thus letting him know that your object is not to 
hurt him, that all you require is submission, and that you 
possess the ability to enforce that. After letting him lie for 
a while, make him get upon three legs, let him stand a mo- 
ment, then put him down again, while down handle his feet 
as you please, and so continue until he will lie still and sub- 
mit to you in every thing you wish. Then take the strap 
off his leg and let him get up, caress and rub his leg where 
the strap has been ; now put the harness on ; use a blind- 
bridle with a W bit, (or some call it a double jointed bit,) 
and if you cannot obtain one at your harness makers, get a 
blacksmith and have one made. With this kind of a bit on 
your horse, you want to drive him around your yard, oc- 



KICKING IN HARNESS. 

^assionally saying, ho, at the same time silting him back 
upon his haunches with the bit. In a very short time he 
will stop when you say ho, without any pull on the rein ; then 
go up to him and caress him about the head and neck; then 
take your whip and switch him around the hind legs and 
flanks, light, aud if he shows a disposition to kick or run ; 
say ho sharply, at the same time correct with the bit. In your 
first lesson, use the bit with severity, thus demonstrating to 
the horse your determination and ability to enforce obedience 
under any and all circumstances of resistance. When you 
can drive him around with a whip at a trot, and stop him at 
the word without using the reins, go to him and pat and rub 
him to encourage him in well doing. Then attach a long 
cord to your reins, start him away from you at a trot, letting 
him go as far as the length of your cord will permit without 
pulling on the bit, when you will say ho. If he stops, go 
up and caress him, and keep on in that way until he will iStop 
and start at the word, no matter how far away he is, so long 
as he can hear your voice. After you have him so well iu 
hand that he obeys readily and willingly, take the reins 
in your hand and teach him to back, encouraging him by 
kindness when he does right, and correcting with the bit 
when he shows the least intimation to be rebellious and stub- 
born. When he will back at the word, back him against 
your buggy wheels ; do not force him against it at first, but 
drive him around and up to it, letting him smell and examine 
it until he becomes satisfied it is not going to hurt him, then 
back him up to it again — right back against it — and if he is 
disposed to kick, say ho sharply, at the same time keeping 
an eye on his movements, and if he shows fear and a dis- 
position to get away from it, give him a short, quick jerk 
with the rein and repeat the word ho. By this treatment 
he finds that you still have the same power in your hands 
which has already controlled him so completely and easily : 



152 KICKING IN HARNESS. 

thorefore he submits unconditionally. You can now proceed 
to hitch him ; watch him closely, and if anything should 
excite him momentarily, and he should manifest a desire to 
repeat his old habit, say ho, and if he does not obey instant- 
ly, seat him back with the bit in a manner that shall leave 
ne doubt of your ability to control him at will. If handled 
in this way for a few times, he becomes convinced of the 
uselessness of resistance, and careful management for two or 
three weeks, will radically break the worst horse of this kind 
we ever saw. 

People have often expressed wonder at our success in 
managing kicking and runaway horses. The simple laws of 
nature are to such unworthy of reftectiou, except the sub- 
mission of the animal. The control of the animal is looked 
upon as a peculir gift. But we do control them perfectly 
and thoroughly by the word ho. In breaking to the word, we 
use means that compel obedience. If your horse minds the 
word quickly, and stops at your bidding, he is not going to 
do you or himself any damage by kicking ; for if you stop 
him whenever the old habit is brought to mind, and let him 
stand until the excitement is over, he will have no incentive 
for kicking, in a short time will forget the habit altogether. 



The Runaway Horse. 

Handle with the Spanish halter, and by throwing the same 
as the kicking horse in harness, unless the habit is caused 
by fear of some object, such as an umbella, buffalo robe, or 
anything else that might frighten him or cause him to ruu 
away. If that should be the case, when you have him down 
take the frightful object, whatever it may be, around him, 
throw it onto him, at the some time rub and caress him ; let 
him know it is nothing that will hurt him ; then let him up, 



THE RUNAWAY HORSE. 158 

put it on or over him, rub him with it, and ifi that way 
familiarize him with it until he cares nothing about it ; then 
train him in harness until he will mind the word ho. Make 
him run, and if he does not stop at the word, stop him by 
the bit, so suddenly as to disconcert him and destroy his 
confidence completely. 

Although we have given a powerful means of coercion, 
and of impressing the horse of his inability to resist the 
power of man, still practical and thorough as those means 
are, they are of but little account if not used with prudence 
and judgement. Men are too apt to depend upon main 
strength and stupid harshness for success in the management 
of horses, and with equal stupidity, the basis of control we 
have here given. It may be made in the hands of some a 
power to be abused with reckless disregard of consequences. 
Be firm, persevering, and prudent in the exercise of your 
power, when it is necessary to impress your subject with a 
sense of mastery, but be gentle, attractive and affectionate 
when he is obedient and submissive. Train your horse 
thoroughly with the Spanish halter each time before hitch- 
ing up. We find by experience, that horses subject to bad 
habits are ungovernable in the mouth. If we govern the 
mouth well, we have, in almost every instance, a good con- 
trol of the horse, and it is an important requisite, under all 
circumstances, in the control of horses in harness. Then 
control while driving until thorough and certain obedience 
is insured to the word. Strive to tell you horse exactly what 
you want him to do, and do not confuse him by attaching 
different meanings to the same word. It is quite common to 
say whoa when it is intended to go slower, or to attract the 
attention of the horse when standing, to let him know of 
your presence. Now if anything should happen, and you 
wished him to stop suddenly, he would not be likely to 
mind without a pull at the bit ; and why should he, as long 



154 THE RUNAWAY HORSE. 

as he has been learned in that hap hazard way that whoa 
meant anythink and nothing at the same time. Such train- 
ing confuses the horse so much that, though ho is naturally 
obedient and traceable, he will become careless and obstinate. 
Have a distinct word for every command, and make him 
understand that every command must be obeyed. Speak in 
a natural tone of voice to your horse, under all circumstan- 
ces. Nothing confuses a horse more than screaming at him 
to have him hear. He is as acute in the sense of hearing as 
a man, and so sensitive, if nervous, as to have his pulse in- 
crease from six to ten beats a minute by one harsh word. Have 
your horse understand that things likely to frighten are 
harmless, and be sure not to whip for being frightened. If 
your horse is frightened at anything approaching, let him 
stand until it passes, but hold the reins snug and firmly, or he 
may swing around and upset you. If cars are passing, and 
are regarded with fear, let your horse face them, but hold 
him immovable with the reins. Always under such circum- 
stances, talk encouragingly to him, remembering the slower 
you move him, the more power you have over him. There 
is but little danger of a horse kicking after being stopped, or 
while moving slowly. And so with the runaway horse. He 
will seldom make a second attempt at the time he has been 
foiled in his purpose and stopped. A horse frightened be- 
comes reckless; consequently, never raise an umbrella sud- 
denly or unexpectedly behind a horse afraid of such things. 
First raise it at his head and gradually carry it back, and then 
to make sure, if you have not a bit that will control your 
horse easily, put on a Spanish halter, and carry it back in 
the wagon or buggy. Fear and anger are something that a 
good horseman should never exhibit in his countenance or 
voice, as the horse is a close observer, and soons learns to 
take advantage of such indications to become careless, or 
excited by anger, may become aggressive or unmanagable. 



THE RUNAWAY HORSE. 155 

Let your lessons be thorough, but not very long. Be gentle 
and patient with the colt, but make the willful, stubborn 
horse feel the full extent of your power. Make the old 
reprobate know that the only alternative is unconditional 
submission to your will. Though if he should become too 
much heated and excited, it is prudent to stop, and repeat 
the lesson at some future time ; but repeat until there is 
thorough and unconditional submission. After a horse 
submits, let your treatment be characterized by gentleness 
and good nature 

Casting a Horse. 

We would call particular attention to our method of 
throwing a horse. It is the easiest and most expeditious 
way now known, and is accomplished without any danger to 
either the operator or the animal. I have explained how to 
put on the strap and cord under the head of " Breaking 
Horses of Kicking in Harness." Whatever may be the 
bad habit of your horse,- it is a very good plan to give him a 
regular course of training, and by throwing a horse down, 
and handling him just as you please while down, demon- 
strates to the understanding of the animal that it is worse 
than useless to try to resist control. It is the best way we 
have found to handle nervous horses, that would not allow 
their legs to be handled. After handling gently while down 
they find they are not hurt, aud get over their fear, and will 
allow you to do with them as you like, anywhere. 



Halter Pulling:. 

The bad halter puller will back as soon as he finds that he 
is restrained on his head. It is a very easy raattter to break 



156 HALTER PULLING. 

up this habit. Put on your Spanish halter, and train the 
horse about until he will come to ycur readily, when you 
pull upon him a "little sideways. Simply repeat this, gradually a 
little more on a line with bis body at each repetition, until 
he yields as readily to being pulled forward as sideways ; 
then take a wind around the top of a post, keeping the end 
of your halter in your hand, so as to let it render a little, if 
necessary, so as not to injure the jaw by too sudden a jerk. 
Now hit him over the head so as to make him pull back, but 
with the leverage of the Spanish halter he cannot pull very 
hard, and gives it up quickly. Repeat until he will stand 
and let you whip him sharply over the head and not straight- 
en the cord. 

Circus Tricks. 



As many of our readers may wish to know how to teach 
their horses tricks, we will explain how it may be done. — 
Teaching your horse a few tricks serves greatly to keep an in- 
terest in him, and makes him appear fearless, intelligent and 
affectionate. In teaching a horse tricks it is best to give him 
one or two lessons daily, of half or three quarters of an hour 
each. 

To Come at the Crack of the Whip, or Word. 

Put on the Spanish halter, stand off a few feet, holding the 
halter in your left hand and the whip in the right, crack the 
whip and say " come here, sir ;" he does not know what this 
means, but you show him by pulling on the halter a little, 
which he will obey by moving towards you a few steps. This 
movement you should thank him for by feeding him some- 
thing that he likes from your hand, and by petting and caress- 



CIRCUS TRICKS. 157 

ing him upon the head and neck ; then repeat in the same way, 
rewarding him as before, and so continue until he will walk 
up to you every time you crack the whip or say " come here 
sir," which he will soon learn to do. Each time he comes to 
you talk to him kindly and do not fail to give him his reward 
of corn or something he likes. You can now take off the 
halter and turn him loose, and repeat until he fully compre- 
hends the way to avoid the whip is to come to you, which, 
with the encouragement of rewarding him for so doing, will 
soon inspire him with confidence, and he will come to you and 
follow like a dog. Be very cautious about the use of the 
whip or harsh language, remembering that perfect, cheerful 
obedience is your object, and that can be secured only by great 
patience and gentleness. 

To make a Bow. 



Take a pin in the right hand, between the thumb and fore 
finger, and stand at his left side near the hips ; tell him to 
make a bow, then pricking him very lightly on the small of 
the back, this will make him move his head ; keep pricking 
him till you get the right motion of the head, then caress him 
where you have been pricking him, or take your pin as before 
and stand up to his shoulder and.prick him on the breast light- 
ly, as if a fly were lighting, which to relieve he will bring 
down his head, which you will accept as-a bow, and will re- 
ward by caressing on the side of the neck. Then repeat until 
he will bring down his head at the least motion of your hand 
towards his breast, or any other signa.l that he will understand 
readily. 

To say No. 

Stand by your horse's shoulder, tell him to shake his head, 



158 CIRCUS TRICKS. 

at the same time prick him lightly on the withers or neck, 
which will cause him to shake his head as if to drive away a 
fly. You then caress him as before, and repeat until he will 
•shake his head at the least indication of your touchiug him 
with the pin. You can train your horse so nicely in this way 
in a short time as to cause him to make a bow or shake his 
head, by merely turning the hand a little or moving it slightly 
towards him. 

To L.ic Down. 

To teach a horse to lie down quickly you must lay him down 
a few times with the rope and strap, as described in tamper- 
ing with vicious horses. When down treat your horse with 
great attention and kindness. After putting him down a few 
times in this way, he will usually lie down in a short time by 
taking up one foot and holding it in your hand, asking him to 
lie down ; he will soon come down. When he will come on 
his knees by taking his foot in your hand, stoop as if intend- 
ing to take it up, saying " lie down sir !" Then make him 
come down by a motion of the hand, and finally by simply 
telling him to lie down. In teaching a horse to lie down, be 
gentle, caress and reward him for lying down, and your horse, 
comprehending what you want and finding himself paid for 
compliance, will soon be as anxious to get down for the re- 
ward, as you are to have him do so. 

To Learn to Waltz. 

Put a surcingle around his chest and fasten the bridle-reins 
to it, the left rein much the tightest, bringing his head well 
round to thejeft side, then make him move forward, when he 
follows his head, and every time as he is turning his head 
from you, give him a sharp cut with the whip, which will 



CIRCUS TRICKS. 159 

make him jump round quickly until his head comes around to 
you again. Then you should caress and encourage him by 
talking kindly. He will then be slower to move his head from 
you, but you must continue with the whip every time the 
horses' hind parts are to you and his head from you, caressing 
every few minutes until he understands to move at the motion 
of the whip. 



To Teach a Horse to Kiss you. 

Teach him first to take an apple or something that he likes 
out of your hand ; when gradually raising the hand nearer 
the mouth at each repetition until you require him to take it 
from your mouth, holding it with your hand, telling him at 
the same time to kiss you. He will soon learn to reach his 
nose up to ycur month, first to get his apple, but finally be- 
cause commanded to do so, simply to repeat until your horse 
understands and will do the trick thoroughly. 

Never lose courage or confidence in your ability because 
you do not bring about good results easily. To accom- 
plish any thing of importance, remember it requires no ordin- 
ary resolution and perseverance. There will be no credit or 
importance attached to mastering and managing bad horses, 
if not difficult and apparently dangerous. No duty requires 
more firmness of in the control of the passions, or more fidel- 
ity to the principles of kindness and truth, than that of 
horsemanship. 



To Shake Hands. 

Tie a short strap to the forward foot below the fetlock, 
stand directly in front of the horse, holding the end of the 



ICO CIRCUS TRICKS. 

strap in your hand, then say, " Shake hands, sir," and imme- 
diately pull upon the strap, which will bring his foot forward, 
and which you are to accept as shaking hands, thanking him 
for it by caressing and rubbing the leg, and so repeat until 
when you make the demand he will bring the foot forward in 
anticipation of having it pulled up. 

This is a very easy trick to teach a horse. By a little 
practice a horse may be easily trained to approach, make a 
bow, shake hands, follow like a dog, lie down, etc., which 
makes him appear both polite and intelligent. 




^*s^eo!I!>**>* 



BENEFITS TO THE BUYER GF THIS BOOK. 

1st. If he owns a horse, the information he can get 
from the book is worth to him ten times its cost. 

2d. He may have his horse shod by any smith who 
has the right, with HENDERSONS FOOT FORM 
SHOE, at a cost, for new shoes for the forefeet, 25 per 
cent, less than the common custom price of ordinary 
shoes. 

BENEFITS TO T25E SHOEING SMITH. 



1st By purchasing HENDERSON'S PATENT MA- 
CHINE and right for making and setting horse shoes, 
lie can make a better shoe at less expense than by the 
•old way. 

2d. lie can afford to work at the price above named, 
and the patronage he would thus secure will enable him 
to compete successfully with higher prices. 

For Machines and further information, address the 
Secretary of the HENDERSON HORSE SHOE CO. 
Albion, N. Y. 




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